The way in which words are pronounced. It can vary according to the region or social class of a speaker
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Adjacency pairs?
parellel expressions used across the boundaries of individual speaking turns e.g. 'How are you' ?/ 'Fine thanks'
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Back- channel?
words, phrases and non-verbal utterances e.g. 'i see', 'oh', 'uh huh','really' used by a listener to give feedback
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Contraction?
A reduced form often marked by an apostrophe e.g. can't= cannot
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Deixis?
Words such as 'this','that','here','there' which refer backwards or forwards- a sort of verbal pointing. Very much a context dependent feature of talk
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Dialect?
The distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of language
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Discourse Marker?
Words and phrases which are used to signal the relationship and connections between utterances and signpost that what is said can be followed by the listener or reader e.g. 'first, 'on the other hand', 'now' etc.
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Elision?
The omission of slurring of one or more sounds or syllables e.g. gonna= going to; wannabe= want to be; wassup= what is up
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Ellipsis?
The omission of part of a grammatical structure e.g. in the dialogue 'you going to the party? / 'might b' - the verb 'are' and the pronoun'I' are missed out. Ellipsis often converys a more causual and informal tone
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False start?
This when the speaker begins an utterance, then stops and either repeats or reformulates it. (self-correction/ repair)
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Filler ?
They do not carry conventional meaning but allow the speaker time to think through creating pauses examples 'er','um', 'ah' they can often be referred to as voiced pauses.
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4 GRICE'S MAXIMS OR CONVERSATIONAL RULES?
This is the criteria for successful conversations: quantity [don't say too much or too little]; relevance [keep to the point]; manner [speak in a clear, coherent and orderly way]; quality [be truthful]
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Hedge?
Words and phrases which soften or weaken the force with which something is said - e.g. 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'sort of', 'possibly', 'i think'
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Idolect?
An individually distinctive style of speaking
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Interactional talk
Language in conversation used for interpersonal reasons and/or socialising
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Non- fluency features
Typical and normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the 'flow' of talk. some examples' hesitations, false starts, fillers, repetitions, overlaps and interruptions
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Paralinguistic features/ Non verbal elements?
Related to body language- it is the use of gestures, facial expressions and other non-verbal elements such as laughter all in which adding meaning to the speakers message
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Phatic Talk
Conversational utterances that have no concrete purpose other than to establish or maintain personal relationships. It's related to small talk- and follows traditional patterns and responses e.g. 'how are you?, 'fine'
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Pragmatics or reason beyond choice and effect of language
Focuses less on structures and more on contexts and purposes of people talking to each other
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prosodic features ( how something is said)?
Includes features such as stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonations- which are used by speakers to mark out key meanings in a message.
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Repairs?
An alteration that is suggested or made by the speaker, in order to correct or clarify a previous conversational contribution
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Sociolect?
A social dialect or variety of speech used by a particular group, such as working- class or upper-class speech
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Tag Question?
strings of words normally added to a declarative sentence to turn the statement into a question e.g. it's a bit expensive around here, isn't it?'
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Transactional Talk?
Language to get things done or to transmit content or information
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Turn Taking?
A typical, ordered arrangement in which participants speak with minimal overlap and gap between them
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Utternace?
A complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence
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Vague Language
statements that sound imprecise and unassertive E.g.- 'and so on', ' or whatever.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Adjacency pairs?
Back
parellel expressions used across the boundaries of individual speaking turns e.g. 'How are you' ?/ 'Fine thanks'
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