Imposing heavy duties or import quotas as a way of discouraging imports of foreign goods. This would mean more people would buy things made in their own country as it would be cheaper.
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What is free trade?
Governments do not interfere with the movements of goods between countries, and don't impose taxes on imports
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Who opposed the Corn Laws?
Factory owners who weren't wealthy from the land, and the working classes.
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Repeal of the Corn Laws
In 1846, Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws, supported by the 'Peelites' (supporters).
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Why was the Conservative Party so unsuccessful in the 20 years following Peel's resignation?
Split by the Repeal of the Corn Laws. Outdated policies (eg protectionism). Strength and popularity of opposition. Leadership issue. Lord Derby (protected his own interests). Talented opposition.
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Why did Gladstone join the Liberals?
Couldn't work with Disraeli. Was ambitious and wanted to be in government. Liberals more inclined to moderate reform. Religious policies. Economic policies. Foreign policy.
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What is 'religious liberty'?
Equality of opportunity regardless of religious beliefs. Less discrimination. Less emphasis on C of E. More tolerance to non-conformists. Using the wealth of the Church in areas such as education. Acceptance of industrial and urban changes.
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First Reform Act - 1832
Middle-class given the vote.
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Reasons for reform in 1860s (Liberals)
Death of Palmerston. Less than 1/5 of adult males had the vote. Growing acceptance of skilled working-class. External pressure from Reform League and Reform Union. Electoral advantage for party that introduces reform.
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Aims of the 1866 Reform Bill
Lowered borough franchise from £10 to £7. Counties extended to £14+ rent. Fancy Franchise(extra vote) for people with £50 in savings. Group small boroughs into large constituencies rather than abolishing them. Allow lower classes to vote.
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Why did the 1866 reform Bill fail?
Opposition from inside and outside the Liberal party. Robert Lowe - fiercely against, convinced Liberals to vote against.
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What is the residuum?
The unskilled and semi-criminal under-class. Usually seen as violent, drunken and untrustworthy. Easy prey for demagogues.
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What is a demagogue?
A person (orator or political leader) who gains power and popularity by arousing the emotions, passions and prejudices of the people.
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Second Reform Act -1867 Original proposals
Borough householders could vote if they paid rates separate to rent. Fancy franchise. If person had lived in their home for 2+ years
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Amendments to the Second reform Bill
2 year residency reduced to 1 year. Gave the vote to compound householders (rates and rent paid be landlord together). No fancy franchises.
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What was Hodgkinson's Amendment?
Abolished compound rates. Landlords could no longer take rates with rent. Essentially gave the vote to all adult male owners and occupiers.
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What were the consequences of the Second Reform Act?
Added nearly 1 million voters (doubled electorate). Number of voters increased by 135% in boroughs. Final Act was fundamentally different to the original draft
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The Irish Question - Religion
2 main groups - 80% Catholic, 20% Protestant. Anglicans - official Church of Ireland. discriminated against Catholics. Everyone, including Catholics, had to pay taxes to C of I. By 1800, Catholics couldn't become MPs.
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The Irish Question - Land/economy
Increase in population. Landowners were majority Protestant (absentee landlords). Catholics (lower class) didn't gain from economic boom. 80% of wealth went out of the country.
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The Irish Question - Politics
Separate Irish parliament-limited power. Patriots wanted independence. Act of union(1800) was forced on the Irish. Catholic emancipation was refused.
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Fenians
Secret revolutionary group in Ireland and USA. Sought military solution against English rule.
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Fenians - Manchester - 1867
Policeman was killed when Fenians broke out two of their leaders from prison vans
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Fenians - London - 1867
Blew up part of a wall at Clerkenwell prison, killing around a dozen innocent people.
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Consequences of the Fenian uprisings.
Helped assure Gladstone's need for an Irish policy. Leaders executed because of British anger.
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The Great Famine - 1845-48
Blight spread across Irish potato crop. 3/4 of crop wiped out. Millions dies from lack of food - 25% of population. Many emigrated to USA out of hatred for Britain - had refused to help. Changed farming system.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Governments do not interfere with the movements of goods between countries, and don't impose taxes on imports
Back
What is free trade?
Card 3
Front
Factory owners who weren't wealthy from the land, and the working classes.
Back
Card 4
Front
In 1846, Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws, supported by the 'Peelites' (supporters).
Back
Card 5
Front
Split by the Repeal of the Corn Laws. Outdated policies (eg protectionism). Strength and popularity of opposition. Leadership issue. Lord Derby (protected his own interests). Talented opposition.
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