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What can use scissors for? explain

-cut paper and thin card - not for fine detail or removing bits -use 'pinking shears' to produce zigzag edge (stop fabric from fraying)

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3 different types of craft/ trimming knives? and what each used for

-surgical scalpels(very sharp, precision cutting) -metal cased knife(good for tougher materials e.g. thick board) -plastic trimming knife(have retractable blades or blade covers for safety when not in use, like the metal cased knife)

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give 2 cutters and explain

-circle cutters (cut arcs, circles in card, paper. vary the diameter of arc or circle to be cut) -perforation cutters (roundish blade that rotates as you push it along, making a line of small cuts, make tear strips-- on forms to detach and send back)

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give 2 safety equipment

when using craft knife/ sharp cutting tool, use cutting mat (protect work surface) -safety rule (protect your fingers)

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what do guillotines do? and rotary cutter

cut out large sheets of paper and card (sheets) -cut in straight line to produce a nice straight edge -rotary cutters: do same thing, but have a circular blade that gets pushed along

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explain laser cutters

machines that cut out design using CAD -accurate and fine cuts through paper, card, plastic or wood, engraves things -uses very fine laser to burn away material (use extractor to get rid of fumes)

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what do die cutters and creasing bars do

cut out nets to make packaging -presses out the net from sheet of material, using sharp blade specially shaped to the outline of the net -creases can be made(along packaging folding lines) by rounding creasing bars -make blades to match net -........

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draw a die cutter diagram

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explain when colours have different hues and tones?

-hue means actual colour -tone of colour (how dark, light) can be changed by adding black or white to it -if add white to change colour-- called tint -if add black its a shade -object create different tones when light hits them e.g. on a shirt

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how can shading make a shape look 3D (accentuate)

shading a drawing to show depth,light and shade, texture is called rendering, different pencil create different tones (darker, lighter) soft pencil creates wide range of tones -(areas furthest from the light are the darkest)

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explain pencil shading with drawings

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explane enhancement textures on a metal

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explane enhancement textures on a plastic

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explain how to show architectural surfaces on buildings

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explain how to show enhancement on wood

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what 3 things can you have enhancement on

-tones and outlines, colour, texture

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how does colour impact

right colour makes a product more appealing, create different mood, look more expensive or fun, find right colours by putting different colour acetate sheets over drawing or look at colour swatches from paint shops ...

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how do background colours impact

-way you perceive a background is due to it's surroundings -red stands out vibrantly against black and white backgrounds. red looks duller against orange and pink

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how can colours represent moods

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give and explain some colours that have particular meanings

red: anger and conflict, danger -green: calm, to represent safety

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how can colours be organised? what does wheel apply to?

-primary: red, blue, yellow mixed together to produce many other colours secondary:orange, purple, green are made by mixing primary colours together -colours on colour wheel show *** colours fit together ...

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explain complementary colours

-found opposite on colour wheel (green and red). contrasting because stand out against each other, seem more intense when together

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explain colour printer

-use 4 colours CMYK, -anything printed in colours is due to mix of these colours -computer to print, recognises and adds layers of CMYK to make final colour, some use spot colours (PANTONE colours) to print particular colours that can't be done by...

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what do commercial printing do

use lithography with four aluminium printing plates (one plate for each of CMYK colours) -plates coated in ink and press image onto printing surface -image built up of layers of colours

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what doe registration marks do

-check printing plates are aligned in right position -then it could be a bit fuzzy if not right -if plates in right places, you get single, clear image

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what does digital printing do

use in schools, homes (inkjet and Laserjet) -can print by CD or USB -don't have to make printing plates , so quick and every print is different -quick and cheap to set up - used to produce proofs (a proof is a first copy of product sent to client)...

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explain colour separation using a scanner

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explain the 2 types of image used on a computer

1) bitmaps- image made up of pixels (tiny dots) saved as jpeg, bmp when increased in siz, can go all blurry and pixelated (see individual pixels) e.g. photographs 2. vector graphics- made up of lines, saved a .pdf made bigger or smaller

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how to manipulate images

different programs to edit images e.g. Adobe -can alter by cropping, resizing, rotating -can have more creative effects by blurring, mirroring, distorting, most image manipulation software handle both bitmap, vectors. lets you add text to create e.g

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explain owning a photo

most are copyright (somebody owns and cant use without permission) -use image libraries---buy or maybe free, used a lot by design companies -take your own photo or design your own graphics

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explain lettering

from ornate, traditional to modern dynamic styles -different lettering styles (fonts)- Traditional: not suitable for e.g. trendy product -modern: not on product with traditional, old fashioned look -lettering on poster made by hand/CAD -on CAD packag

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how does size and alignment work

text big enough to read but not too big-- look stupid or take up too much room -font sizes measured in points (pt) depending on what dor e.g. text, headings -Alignment: how block of text arranged on page, whether left(common) -right(addreses) -centre

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explain felt pens and markers

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explain drawing boards

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explain set suares, rulers and protractors

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explain compasses and curves&templates

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explain freehand sketching

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explain 2d sketches with rectangles and squares

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explain grid drawings

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explain crafting drawing by 3d shapes

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explain wireframe drawings

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explain the four main types of triangles

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explain drawing triangles using a ruler and compass

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list quadrilaterals

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list the regular polygons? draw 2 ways of designing a polygon. design an elipse

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explain scale drawing? aid through an image

The scale must clearly be shown on drawings because it shows you in what proportion the drawing has been drawn using a ratio

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what is orthographic projections and how to draw one? use an image

Orthographic drawings show the front view the plan view and end view of the 2D or 3D product accurately to scale and they show the dimensions in millimetres.

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explain and outline the different lines and dimension lines

Lines and dimensions-conform to British Standards: Outlines: thick and continuous Construction lines: light and continuous Centre lines: alternating long and shot dashes and light Hidden details: short dashes and light Dimension lines are med

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explain the different types of assembly drawings

Fitted assembly drawings: show parts already fitted together& can be 2D/3D. Exploded views: will show each separate part moved out&each is drawn in line with the part its attached to with dotted lines to show where its exploded from. Some assembly d

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explains sectional drawings with cross hatched lines

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explain perspective drawing and one-point perspective and two point perspective

Perspective Drawing uses vanishing points- in the distance on horizon line. They are good-producing 3D drawings of products&packaging. One point perspective only uses one vanishing point but two point perspective shows objects edge on

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explain isometric drawings

can be used to show an object in 3D and it doesn’t show it in perspective(things dont get smaller in distance) but the dimensions are easier to add. These drawings show only three sides of the object.

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explain what nets are

A net is the 2D plan for making a 3D object (surface developments) use solid lines to show the edges you cut and dashed lines for the edges you fold. They show the size and shape of your object and how it fits together.

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what are nets useful for

They’re good for modelling ideas and in industry they would be designed with CAD and cut out with CAM then folded and glued. Flat packed packaging is made from nets and it is useful because it doesn’t take up much room so is easy to store& transport

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give 4 and explain the flaps and tabs used to hold things together

Glue Tabs: Strong permanent joints can be made at the side&base of packaging-apply glue to tabs. Fold in flaps: good when packages need to be opened more than once&are found on box lids.Crash Lock Bases: These are used at the bottom of containers an

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explain briefly what are bar charts, pictographcs, pie charts and line graphcs

Bar charts use bars to show numbers.(use in ICT for spreadsheet research eg) Pictographs are charts made of pictures and they use symbols Pie charts show proportions and they make it easy to compare different categories Line graphs are for continuous

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explain iconic labels

Iconic Labels-small,simple&easily recognised& appear on the computer screen as shortcuts to software, files and program tools. Icons that identify functions like the print symbol are similar in all software packages to make it easier for user to lear

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what are ideograms and how can it be created for any object

like a universal language to be substituted for writing. Sometimes they show you how to operate a product such as the control buttons on a music player. The recycling symbol shows that the product can be recycled. Ideograms can be created for anythin

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explain the copyright symbol

The copyright symbol shows that something (e.g. written work, images, software) is protected under the copyright law and it can’t be copied or reproduced without the owner’s permission.

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explain the trademark sign? label the sign

Trademarks are symbols, logos and slogans that are used to represent companies such as Google. Registered Trademarks are shown by a ® Colours can be trademarks such as the turquoise on the Heinz baked beans

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explain standard meetings of product, the BSI, CE marks and the ISO

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explain how labels give product information

Labels can give product information such as how to store it or safety warnings. The “e” symbol is the estimated sign and is a mark required to be appended to the nominal mass or volume printed on pre-packaged goods for sale within the European Union.

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explain how CAD is designing using a computer

Computer Aided Design involves designing products on a computer rather than doing it the traditional way on paper You can see the product form all angles can spot problems before making anything CAD packages include 2D software (Tech Soft 2D design..

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how does CAM work and aid?

Computer Aided Manufacture is the process of manufacturing products with the help of computers. CAD software use numbers to represent each point on the drawing. The x coordinate is left and right, y is forwards and backwards and z is up and down. Th

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how does CAD/CAM increase quality and quantity?

CAM-produce high quality products consistently, because machines can be programmed to make lots of same thing accurately less mistakes made this way than hand-means less wasted time&materials Machines- more efficient because they can do things.......

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Why are CAD/CAM useful for making models?

Virtual models (3D) can be made. can design something using CAD/CAM and then using a rapid prototyping machine (or a 3D printer) to make it into a 3D model Stereo lithography and laser sintering are slower and more expensive but they can be used too

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what is one-off production

eg. school-use laser cutter or a 3D printer-- modelling/printing off part of product In industries manufacturers may use rapid prototyping to make one-off model to check if- improvements/changes the client wants-made before starting mass production

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what is batch production

when you draw you design once in CAD and then your machine can make a batch of the product. Rapid manufacture is when you use rapid prototyping processes to manufacture a batch of products or parts of a product.

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what is mass production

Mass production done by CAD and cam systems are expensive but in the long run they save money since you can make lots of products quick and accurate

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Pros of ICT

Means more work is done so businesses are more competitive and productive Workers can do more interesting jobs than the same repetitive tasks-computers can now do The electronic transfer of data is quick&convenient The internet-useful research tool

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Cons of ICT

expensive to keep investing in the latest and most efficient technology.can mean that people are replaced and people lose their jobs.Health problems such as repetitive strain injury can be caused because of the use of computers

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explain 2 different computer softwares and a slideshow

Spreadsheet software: used to work out production costs and time management Painting software is useful for manipulating photos and these are things like Photoshop Slideshows can be created to present a design to clients using presentation software

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explain difference between what ICT is made up of

Hardware is the physical components of the computer but software are things like computer programs

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explain storing data electronically

Work can be saved on computer hard drives to be viewed later Computers can be joined together to make networks and networks means that any computer on the network can access files from other computers however it means that your work is less secure. W

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explain what is file format and file size

File format: Different file types- identified by a code that comes after name of file &shows what type of program it can be opened with. File size: Text files- much smaller than Image files and this means that they take less time to share,upload,down

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explain electronic transfer of data? explain what is EDI

The electronic transfer has meant that designing and manufacturing can be done in different locations Email can be used to transfer written information and attachments quickly between different locations. EDI (electronic data interchange) is the dire

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what is teleconferencing

Teleconferencing means that meetings between workers in different locations can happen. A camera connected to a computer is linked to the telephone network or the internet and the moving images and the voices are in real time.

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explain the 3 mechanisms you study

V fold mechanisms make things lean at different angles Internal step mechanisms make a platform Parallelogram mechanisms add extra layers

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what are mechanisms

Mechanisms are used to make products stand out and appeal to customers in point of sale displays and packaging. They are used to make products like books and cards more interesting and for persuading customers to buy it.

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explain what are levers and disks

Levers create movement and they use a pivot. As one end is pushed down, the other end will move up. Disks create rotary movement; you can make things sin by attacking discs that move around pivots

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explain levers forms

Levers- be connected so-form linkages: Split pins are used to link two levers together at a pivot or let a lever rotate. Floating pivots join levers together&they aren’t attached to card Fixed pivots are attached to the card &the levers rotate aroun

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give 6 properties a material could have

strength hardness toughness impact resistance flexibility strength to weight ratio

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explain the strength of a material

This is the ability to withstand forces. Things may need to resist pulling forces, squashing forces and forces trying to bend them

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explain the hardness

ability to withstand scratching, rubbing or denting. Many high-quality graphic products need to be hard to avoid this.

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explain the toughness

is the opposite of brittle and if a material is tough it can absorb impacts without breaking or snapping

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explain the impact resistance

is the ability to withstand a sudden force without cracking. Copper has a good impact resistance and it can be hit with a hammer and it will not shatter.

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explain the flexibility

Flexible materials can bend without breaking. Electrical wires must be flexible so that they can curve around things and rulers are flexible so they bend quite a bit before breaking.

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explain the strength to weight ratio

Materials that are strong but don’t weigh much have a good (high) strength to weight ratio. This is important for things like spacecraft and racing cars which need to be strong but also light enough for speed.

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explain aesthetic properties a material could have

the way a material looks can be important when deciding what material to use. Colour, texture, pattern and how thing reflect light can be important too. Opaque: means light cant travel through it (its not see through e.g. a brick) Translucent: means

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consider the physical properties

What demands will be made on the material? - for example it might have to hold heavy loads or be able to bend or protect things from impact Will it be used outdoors or indoors? - for example if it’s going to be outdoors you need to consider whether

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consider the production method

Some materials are easier to join than others – for example wood can be glued, nailed and screwed easily The materials has to be suitable for the intended production method and/or the method to the material – For example you can’t use injection mould

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consider the aesthetics (factor affecting selection of material)

If the material is going to be seen, it needs to look good – for example if it needs to fit in with a certain environment it has to look e.g. modern The finish that you apply will change the appearance of the material – for example painting wood can

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what is cartridge paper and layout paper

Cartridge Paper: this has a textured surface that is good for sketching with pencils, crayons, pastels, inks and watercolours Layout paper: is thin and translucent and is used for general design work and sketching ideas

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what is bleed proof paper and tracing paper

Bleed proof paper: is used by designers when drawing with felt tips and marker pens Tracing paper: is translucent and it is used to copy images

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what is paper and board measured in

The weight of paper and board is measure in gsm (grams per square metre). Anything above 200gsm is board not paper

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explain what is solid white board and mount board used for

Solid white board: has a high quality bleached surface which is idea for printing on and it is used for primary packaging. Mount board: is used to mount drawings and photographs for presentation and framing usually by cutting a window in the board

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what is corrugated board used

is used in secondary packaging to protect products during transit

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what is duplex board used for

.has a different colour and texture on each side and it is often used where only one surface is seen so that only one side needs to be smooth for printing. Its unbleached so it’s ideal for packaging food

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what is grey board and foam board used

Grey board: is rigid and it is easy to cover with paper so that graphics can be displayed on it. It’s used on game boards and hardback books Foam board: is stiff but lightweight and it is used for mounting posters and making models.

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why is corrugated board good

Corrugated Board is strong for it’s weight It is made by sandwiching a wavy (fluted) inner core between two outer layers It is strong and can absorb impacts so it is good for packaging especially secondary Te air in the gaps makes it a good insulato

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explain paper standard sizes

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what are the 2 types of plastic and explain

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give 5 thermosplastics

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what is acetate

cellulose acetate) is flexible, hard, shiny and transparent or translucent. It’s used to packages products where they need to be seen. They are easy to print on. It is made mostly from wood so it’s more sustainable than many plastics.

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what is polupropylene

PP) is quite strong, tough and flexible. Products can be made with a living hinge. Boxes, lids and a hinge all out of one piece of PP. This is handy for things like lunch boxes. IT is used for packaging, chairs, textiles and car parts.

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what is high impact polystyrene

(HIPS) is rigid and comes in a variety of colours and thicknesses. It is used for making boxes for products and for vacuum forming and it is fairly cheap.

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what is polyvinyl chloride

(PVC) is cheap and durable and it is easy to print on, but quite brittle. IT is used for blister packs (e.g. holding pills, screws), vinyl records and insulation for electrical wires etc

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what is acrylic

is durable and stiff however it gets scratched easily and it can be brittle. It has a good impact resistance so it can be used instead of glass (e.g. for aeroplane windows and aquariums)

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what is expanded polystyrene foam

.is a lightweight material that can be cut with a scalpel or hot wire cutter and is good for making 3D models. Sometimes it can be quite crumbly (so used as protective packaging). Others have a dense structure such as Styrofoam which is usually blue.

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what is corrugated plastic sheet or corriflute

” is a rigid, lightweight and weatherproof modelling material made from polypropylene. It can be bent into shapes though it is quite stiff so it is good for modelling objects with large, flat surfaces and square edges (e.g. the outside cases of elect

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what is vaccum forming

(the air is sucked out) A mould is put onto the vacuum bed A sheet of thermoplastic (e.g. HIPS) is clamped to cover the bed and is heated until it’s soft. The bed is then lifted so that it is close to the heated plastic. Air is sucked out from under

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what is ***** heating

(the plastic is bent in a straight line) A line is drawn on the thermoplastic where it needs to be bent and the hot wire is let to heat up. The plastic is held or rested on the bars so that the drawn line is over them. Both sides are then heated. Wh

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what are smart materials

Smart materials react to their environment They change their properties in response to heat, light etc Some change back to their original state when the heat, light etc has gone Some can let you make completely new products

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what are smart plastics

Polycaprolactone (polymorph) is a type of plastic used for making models to try new designs It has a low melting point of 62degrees which means that it becomes mouldable simply by immersion in hot water It can be shaped by hand when warm or by machin

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what are smart pigments that change to heat

Thermo chromic pigments change colour wit heat and then go back to their original colour when they cool down. They can be used in paints to create images when they get hot, like on mugs. Oven dishes could use them to warn you if they are really hot a

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what are smart pigments that change to light

Photo chromic pigments change colour reversibly in response to light They are put into spectacle lenses to make them turn into sunglasses when it is sunny Photo chromic inks can be used to print t-shirts with designs that only show up in sunlight

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what are phosphorescent pigments

These store light that hits tem and slowly release it so that they glow in the dark They are used for clocks and also decoration like stars on bedroom ceilings

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what are fluorrescent pigments

These pigments are really bright because they reflect lots of light They reflect visible light, they also absorb UV light and then emit it as visible light so they are used in safety signs and high-visibility jackets

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what are nano materials

This involves really tiny particles Nano particles include tiny crystals (nano crystals) and tiny tubes (carbon nano tubes) Nano technology has made a wide range of clever nano structured materials because nano particles change the properties of the

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what is embossing

Embossing is when you push a shaped die into the back of a material to leave a slightly raised impression on it’s surface. It’s used to draw attention a particular part of the product such as a logo, title or image. The process is expensive, but the

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what is foil application

This is using heat and pressure to print metal foil onto certain areas of a product It is used to draw attention to a logo or a brand name to give the impression of a quality product though it is expensive It is used on greeting cards, wrapping paper

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what is varnishin

.Varnish is applied after printing, to give the impression of quality and provide protection against scuffs and scratches Spirit Varnishes are cheap but they dry slow. They can be gloss (shiny) or matt (dull) or satin (in between) They can be used to

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what is laminating

This means sandwiching a document between two layers of something else (usually plastic) The laminating machine heats the plastic and seals it together. “Laminating” is used to describe covering card or paper with plastics. Laminating business cards

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define composite material

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how can you stick paper and card

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how can you stick wood together

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how can you stick acrylic

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how can fixings be permanent

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how can fixings be temporary

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Get Revising

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