Germany 1890-1945: Democracy and Dictatorship

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What limits were there to recovery during the Golden Years? (3)
agriculture saw little recovery / economy dependent on loans / ToV still in place despite wide hatred
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When was the Wall Street Crash?
29th October 1929
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How much did unemployment change by after the Depression?
1.5 million in 1928 to 6 million in 1933
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How much did Nazi election support increase after the Depression?
3% votes in May 1928 to 37% in July 1932
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Why was Hitler so popular? (4)
brave soldier with Iron Cross / seen as 'one of the people' / propaganda / decisive so gave people certainty
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How many SA member in 1930?
400,000
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When did Hitler become Chancellor?
30th January 1933
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How did Hitler become Chancellor? (3)
von Papen called election / new Chancellor Schleicher unpopular / von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor and him Vice-Chancellor
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When was the Reichstag Fire?
27th February 1933
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How did the Reichstag Fire affect the Communists? (1)
4000 Communists imprisoned
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When was the Enabling Act passed?
23rd March 1933
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What was the Enabling Act? (1)
allowed Hitler to pass new laws and overrule Constitution
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How did Hitler get rid of all political opposition? (1)
banned all partied except Nazis
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When did Hitler ban all opposition parties?
14th July 1933
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Who was Röhm? (1)
leader of at least 3 million SA
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Why did Hitler want to reduce the power of the SA? (2)
SA seen as violent thugs / wanted to boost **
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When was the Night of the Long Knives?
30th June 1934
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What was the Night of the Long Knives? (2)
Hitler invited Röhm and others to town Bad Wiessee / they were arrested by ** and shot in Munich
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Who was killed on the Night of the Long Knives? (3)
Röhm / ex-chancellor Schleicher / 100 SA Leaders
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How was von Papen affected by the Night of the Long Knives? (1)
put under house arrest so could no longer control Hitler
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When did Hindenburg die?
2nd August 1934
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How did the National Labour service (RAD) decrease unemployment? (1)
all men aged 18-25 forced to serve 6 months
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What distorted unemployment figures under Nazi rule? (3)
Jews forced out of work / more men conscripted into army / opponents sent to Forced Labour Camps
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How did Nazis aid communications? (1)
built 7000km autobahn
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How did Nazis aid sports? (1)
built Stadia for Berlin Olympics
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How did Nazis aid agriculture?
drained marshes to make farmland
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What was the Four-Plan? (3)
plan to achieve self-suffiency / Finance Minister Hermann Goering in charge / only partially successful
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How did Hitler attempt to achieve self-sufficiency? (3)
farmers given subsidies / Scientists funded to find alternatives to non-German products / import taxes increased
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What evidence is there that the Four-Year Plan was only partially successful? (1)
Germany still relied on imports for 1/3 of products
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How did weekly wages increase under the Nazis?
from 86 marks in 1932 to 109 marks in 1939
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What were the positive effects of the Nazis' economic policies? (3)
improved transport / farmers benefitted / unemployment decreased
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What were the negative effects of the Nazis' economic policies? (3)
working hours increased / Jewish businesses boycotted / Four-Year Plan pressured economy
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When was rationing introduced?
August 1939
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How did rationing affect Germans in 1943? (3)
all clothes second-hand / severe food shortages / black markets and scavenging
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How did WW2 increase work for men after January 1943? (1)
all men aged 16-65 forced to work
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How did WW2 increase work for women after January 1943? (1)
all women aged 17-45 forced to work unless pregnant or farmer's wife
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When was there an influx of refugees into Germany?
July 1944 due to people fleeing Soviet Red Army
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How many Germans were made homeless due to WW2 bombing?
7 million
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How many Germans were injured due to WW2 bombing?
750,000
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How many Germans were killed due to WW2 bombing?
500,000
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How did Nazis enforce the policy that women should not work?
banned women working 1933-1939
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How did Nazis enforce the policy that women should have children? (3)
let off 1/4 marriage loan repayments per child / child benefits / medals for >4 children
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When were child benefits introduced?
1936
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How did Nazis enforce the policy that women should stay at home?
Girls' education tailored towards being housewife / German Women's Enterprise (DFW) ran classes on home matters / grammar schools preparing girls for uni banned
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When were Girls' Grammar Schools banned?
1937
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When did Hitler make it compulsory to join Nazi Youth Groups?
March 1939
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What Nazi youth group activities did only boys partake in? (3)
military drills / shooting / forced military brigades to defend Berlin 1945
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What Nazi youth group activities did only girls partake in? (3)
cookery / needlework / learning about childcare
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What Nazi youth group activities did boys and girls partake in? (3)
learning about racial superiority / learning about Hitler / singing patriotic songs
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Until what age were children forced to attend State School?
14
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What was the Nazi education policy on teachers? (3)
must be Nazis / forced to attend courses on Nazi ideas / must teach Nazi ideas
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What subjects were introduced to schools under Nazi rule? (2)
race studies / eugenics
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What percent of school time had to be PE under Nazi Rule?
15%
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How did Nazis include Propaganda in schools? (2)
all lessons began and ended with Nazi salute / from 1935 all textbooks had to be approved by Nazis
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What evidence is there that Nazi youth policies were successful? (2)
youths generally supported Nazis more strongly than their parents / did improve fitness
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What evidence is there that the Nazi youth policies were unsuccessful? (3)
opposition groups existed / military discipline was disliked / few other options of extra-curriculars
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Why were churches a threat to Hitler's ideas? (3)
believed god was leader not Hitler / believed everyone is equal / believed in peace rather than militarism
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What were Hitler's relations with the Catholic Church like? (2)
concordat reached with Pope that Catholics could continue worshipping and teaching / Hitler broke agreement by banning Catholic curriculum in schools
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What were Hitler's relations with the Pope like? (2)
criticised Hitler and Nazi Policies / Priests that agreed were harassed or sent to concentration camps
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Why did the Protestant Church support Hitler? (1)
they too feared Communism
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What was the Reich Church? (1)
Church combining Protestantism and Nazism
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Who was the leader of the Reich Church? (1)
Ludwig Müller
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How many Reich Churches were there?
2000
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What was the Confessional Church? (2)
Protestant Church opposing Reich Church / members sent to concentration camps
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How many Confessional Churches were there?
6000
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Why were Jews hated by Nazis? (3)
often associated with Communism / often successful so people jealous / blamed for Germany's WW1 defeat
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How did Nazis control the Roma people in 1934?
deported all Roma people from Germany in 1934
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What percentage of European Roma population was killed by the end of WW2?
25%
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When were the Nuremburg Laws signed?
15th September 1935
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What did the Nuremburg Laws say? (3)
only those of German blood can be citizens / Jews cannot vote, have a German passport, or work for Government / no non-Aryan can have sexual relations with a German citizen
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How did Nazis treat disabled people? (1)
sterilised 300,000 from 1934-1945
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When was Kristallnacht?
9th November 1938
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What led to Kristallnacht? (2)
a 17 year old Polish Jew shot a German in the German embassy in Paris / Goebbels used it as propaganda against Jews
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How many Synagogues were destroyed on Kristallnacht?
191
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How many Jewish Businesses were destroyed on Kristallnacht?
814
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How many Jews were killed on Kristallnacht?
100
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How did Kristallnacht affect the Jews economically? (1)
Goebbels fined them 1 billion marks for damages
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How many Ghettos were built?
1000 in October 1939
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What was the T4 programme? (1)
killing mentally ill and disabled people in mobile gas chambers
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When was the T4 programme started?
October 1939
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How many victims were there of the T4 programme?
300,000
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When were the first gas chambers used at death camps as the 'final solution'?
March 1942
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Where did the 'final solution' begin getting enacted?
Belzec death camp
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What were the methods of censorship used? (3)
public burning of Jewish books / newspapers opposing Nazis were closed / radios and newspapers were told what to say
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What were the methods of propaganda used? (3)
Nazi posters everywhere / propaganda in films / huge military rallies to make people proud or scared
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What was the Reich Chamber of Culture? (3)
led by Goebbels / sculptures, plays and films which glorified Hitler and war / banned things Nazis disagreed with
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When was the Reich Chamber of Culture set up?
September 1933
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What was the culture for Art like in Nazi Germany? (2)
Gestapo visited artists to check they followed rules / not allowed to produce art unless member of the Reich Chamber
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What was the culture for Film like in Nazi Germany? (2)
all cinemas had to show official Nazi newsreels before shows / details of all films had to be approved by Goebbels
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What was the culture for Architecture like in Nazi Germany? (3)
traditional materials used / modern architecture disapproved / Hitler favoured Albert Speer as he designed major building of rally locations
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How did Nazis change the Legal System? (2)
all judges had to be Nazis and vote in Nazis' favour / trial by jury abolished in exchange for Judge's decision
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What powers did the ** have? (3)
unlimited power to search and arrest / after 1936 in charge of Police State / in charge of WW2 Death camps
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What role did the Gestapo have in the Police State? (2)
no uniforms so hard to identify / used torture during questioning
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How did the Police State affect German People? (3)
fear of being sent to concentration camps / stifled debate / encouraged spying
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Why was there such little open resistance to Nazi regime? (3)
fear of ** and Gestapo / opposition groups banned / some genuine support for Hitler
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Who were the Edelweiss Pirates made up of? (1)
working-class young males
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How did the Edelweiss Pirates resist Nazi rule? (3)
went on hikes to escape Nazi restrictions / wore American style clothing / read banned literature
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How many Edelweiss Pirates were there in 1939?
2000
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Who was Swing Movement made up of?
upper-class youths
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How did the Swing Movement resist the Nazis? (3)
wore American clothes / drank and smoked / organised illegal dances
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How did the White Rose Group resist the Nazis? (1)
distributed leaflets about the atrocities they had witnessed of Jews being murdered
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When were the leaders of the White Rose Movement executed?
24th February 1943
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How did the Edelweiss Pirates and Swing Movement get dealt with by the Nazis? (1)
some were publically hanged after killing the Gestapo head
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How did the Nazis deal with opposition so effectively? (2)
severe punishments such as concentration camps / hangings were public as a message
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When was the July Plot?
20th July 1944
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What was Operation Valkyrie/ the July Plot? (1)
at a military conference in East Prussia, Count Stauffenberg tried to blow up Hitler but failed
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Who was executed after the July Plot? (2)
Stauffenburg / 5746 others
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

29th October 1929

Back

When was the Wall Street Crash?

Card 3

Front

1.5 million in 1928 to 6 million in 1933

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

3% votes in May 1928 to 37% in July 1932

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

brave soldier with Iron Cross / seen as 'one of the people' / propaganda / decisive so gave people certainty

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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