Geography B AQA Unit 1 Coasts

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Fetch
The distance of open water over which the wind can blow.
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Beach
A deposit of sand or shingle at the coast, often found at the head of a bay.
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Crest
The top of a wave.
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Swash
The forward movement of a wave up a beach.
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Backwash
The backward movement of water down a beach when a wave has broken.
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Constructive wave
A powerful wave with a strong swash that surges up a beach and deposits material. Loved by surfers. (e.g. Newquay)
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Destructive wave
A wave formed by a local storm that crashes down onto a beach and has a powerful backwash, pulling sand and shingle down the beach.
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Mass movement
Is the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity. (e.g. the landslip at Holbeck Hall, Scarborough)
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Rock fall
The collapse of a cliff face or the fall of individual rocks from a cliff. Fragments of rock break away from the cliff face, often due to freeze-thaw weathering.
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Mudflow
Saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope
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Hydraulic action - Erosion
The sheer power of the waves as they smash into a cliff. Trapped air is blasted into holes and crack in the rocks (cavitation), eventually causing the rock to break apart.
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Attrition - Erosion
This is the process by which the material carried by the waves erodes itself. It does this by one particle colliding with one or more other particles during wave movement. The effect is that the material being carried becomes increasingly smaller
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Abrasion/Corrasion - Erosion
This is the ‘sandpapering’ effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform, often causing it to become smooth.
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Solution - Movement
The dissolving of rocks, such as limestone and chalk.
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Wetting and Drying - Weathering
This process is more common on cliffs which consist of softer rocks. The rock expands when it's wet and contracts when it's dry. This repeats itself over time, the rock becomes weaker and cracks
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Solution/Corrosion - Weathering
The transport of dissolved chemicals. Often derived from limestone or chalk.
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Suspension - Movement
Lighter particles carried (suspended) within the water.
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Traction - Movement
Heavy particles rolled along the seabed.
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Saltation - Movement
A hopping movement of pebbles along the seabed. Particles that are too heavy to be suspended.
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Longshore drift
The transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching the beach at an angle.
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Headland
A promontory of land jutting out into the sea.
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Bay
A broad coastal inlet often with a beach.
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Wave-cut platform
a wide, gently sloping rocky surface at the foot of a cliff. Formed by a continual sequence of wave-cut notch formation and cliff collapse, the cliff line gradually retreats.(e.g. Wave-cut platform and cliff near Beachy Head)
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Wave-cut notch
A small indentation (or notch) cut into a cliff roughly at the level of high tide caused by concentrated marine erosion at this level.
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Cave
A hollowed-out feature at the base of an eroding cliff.
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Arch
A headland that has been partly broken through by the sea to form a thin-roofed arch.
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Stack
- an isolated pinnacle of rock sticking of put of the sea. (e.g. Old Harry stack and the Foreland, Dorset. Old Harry’s wife is a stump but so so small it can rarely be seen)
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Arch and stack formation (1-3)
1) Joint or fault in resistant rock 2) Corrasion and hydraulic action of waves widens the weakness in the cliff to from a cave 3) Waves cut through headland to form an arch, which is continually widened at its base
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Arch and stack formation (4-6)
4) Roof of arch becomes too heavy to be supported and collapses 5) A stack is an isolated portion of the cliff 6) The stack is undercut and collapses to leave a stump, which is covered up at high tide.
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Spit
A finger of new land made of sand or shingle, jutting out into the sea from the coast. Away from the coast, the tip is affected by waves approaching from different directions and the spit often becomes curved as a result.
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Bar
A spit that has grown across a bay due to longshore drift. Bars trap either a fresh water lake or lagoon between them and the coast, created by no strong flow of water.
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Berm
Ridges or berms are common characteristics of a beach. They are small ridges coinciding with high-tide lines and storm tides. Some beaches may have several berms, each one representing a different high-tide level.
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Causes of sea level rise
The main cause is thermal expansion of the seawater. The melting of ice on the land will also have an effect, however melting sea ice e.g. Antarctica will have no direct effect on sea levels.
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Cliff collapse
Can be caused by heavy rainfall that can saturate land and make it unsuitable, mass movement such as sliding and slumping, and the power of the waves.
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Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)
An integrated coastal management plan for a stretch of coastline in England and Wales.
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Managed retreat
Allowing controlled flooding of low-lying coastal areas or cliff collapse in areas where the value of the land is low.
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Hard engineering
Building artificial structures such as sea walls aimed at controlling natural processes. E.g. Sea walls, groynes and rock armour.
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Sea Walls
Sea Walls work by breaking up the energy of the waves. Up to 25% of energy is reflected. Very expensive and older sea walls duffer a lot of damage. Eye sore.
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Rock Armour
Large boulders are built up on the beach, they absorb the energy of the waves and reduce the effect of erosion. Can be expensive to obtain and transport.
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Gabions
Large steel mesh cages filled with large rocks used to reduce erosion. Short term. Rust very quickly. Cheap and easy to build.
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Tetrapods
Designed to spread the force of the wave allowing water to flow around not against. Easy to track movement. Makes more damage than they prevent. Anaesthetically displeasing
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Groynes
Slowdown long shore drift by absorbing the wave energy and capturing sand. Often have to be replaced
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Soft Engineering
A sustainable approach to managing the coast without using artificial structures. E.g. Beach nourishment, dune regeneration and marsh creation (managed retreat).
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Beach nourishment
Process of dumping or pumping sand from elsewhere. More protection for buildings behind. Doesn't prevent erosion and is hard to find perfect colour match.
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Beach reprofiling
Removes built up drits of sand to change the shape of the beach. Accelerates natural beach recovery, no extra material. Has to be done regularly
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Underwater reefs
Slows down energy of the wave underwater. Cheap to build and can be made from recycled materials. Expensive to maintain.
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Cliff drainage
Used to hold together cliffs using plants, fences and terracing. Soft coastlines
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Intergrated Coastal Zone Management
Management of the whole are rather than parts of it.
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Sustainable development
Management that meets the needs of the present whilst preserving an area for future generations.
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Lulworth Cove, Dorset
It was formed by the erosion os clays and sands on the shoreline. The back of the cove has 250 metres of chalk. The shape of the cove is caused by wave diffraction.
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Flamborough Coast
Located on the east yorkshire coast between Filey and Bridlington. Flamborough coast is an 8 mile stretch of chalk headland. There are often landslips where the chalk erodes away and the clay soil surrounding it falled into the sea.
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Spurn point
Spurn point forms the north bank of the mouth of the Humber estuary. It is 4.8km long and as little as 50m wide in some places. It is the home to the RNLI lifeboat station at the tip and this is often known as Spurn Head.
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Chesil Beach
Chesil beach is located on the south coast of England in the county of Dorset. It is 18 miles long and stretches from north west Portland to West Bay. On average it is 160 metres wise and rises to around 12 metres in height.
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Southampton
Multi-use area. Fawley chemical plant, the port of southampton, ExxonMobil oil Refinery. Kayheaven Nature reserve. Lymington and Cowes, Lepe Country park, The river Hamber, Calshot Activity Centre.
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Dubai - Coastal location used to encourage economic development
World Islands, Dubailand. Workers conditions are terrible, low pay, poor diet, walkways between toilet block are water logged and covered in sewage
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Bahia State, Brazil
Using tourism to improve living conditions. Brazil's first eco resort, motto - enjoy without distroying. Walks into villages to show locals.
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The Holderness coast
Coastal management. Loses between 1-2 metres per year, coastline made of bolder clay which is easily eroded.
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Withernsea
Build wooden groynes 150 years ago + sea wall
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Mappleton
249 people - 40 years ago lost 75 metres. only 34 metres left till main road. Groynes built and placed at bottoom of cliff.
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Easington
25% of gas comes from north sea. Built groynes + revetments which will protect for 50 years.
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Kilnsea
150 years lost 360 metres. not protected as small village and agilcultural land - no economic beneifit. residents paif for flood banks
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Penvensey Coastal Defence Scheme
Beach replenishment to replace sand that was moved up the coast by longshore drift. Beach recycling. Beach reprofilling uses bulldozers to push material back up the beach and create a gently sloping beach profile.
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St Lucia Marine Management Area
Management plan to protect coral reefs. One of the oldest ecosystems on earth, they help with tourism and fisheries
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Majorca
Over development of environment - coastline has a high amount of high rise buildings. Tourism accounts for 85% of islands incomes
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Plans for sea level rise
The Thames Barrier. The Mose Defence Scheme.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A deposit of sand or shingle at the coast, often found at the head of a bay.

Back

Beach

Card 3

Front

The top of a wave.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The forward movement of a wave up a beach.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The backward movement of water down a beach when a wave has broken.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

The Scientist

Report

Good for learning the terminology.

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