Geography water and carbon cycle

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What is positive feedback?
A cyclical sequence of events that amplify or increase the effects of a system
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What is an example of postive feedback?
Rising sea levels (due to melting of freshwater ice can stabalise ice shelves, increasing calving. This leads to an increase in melting causing sea levels to rise further.
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What is negative feedback?
A cyclical sequence of events that damps down or neutralises the effects of a system promoting stability and a state of dynamic equilibrium.
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What is an example of negative feedback?
Increase in surface tempratures lead to an increase in evaporation from the oceans. This leads to more cloud cover. Clouds reflect radiation from the sun resulting in cooling in surface tempratures. Another example is the carbon cycle.
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
The state of balance within a constantly changing system for example a remote unaffected drainage basin where there has been no significant human or natural impacts.
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What type of system is the water cycle?
The water cycle is a closed system because water is not lost or gained for space. However, on a local scale it is an open syste. Precipitation is an input and run off into the ocean a output.
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Is the carbon cycle a closed or open system?
A closed system as there is no inputs or outputs from the cycle as a whole. On a local scale such as a forest it is an open system with both inputs and outputs.
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what is the water cycle?
The water cycle is how water is constantly being recycled, stored and transferred between our oceans, land and atmospher and the system is composed of stores and transfers.
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What are transfers?
Transfers are the processes involved in transferring water for example precipitation transfers water from the atmosphere to the earths surface.
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What are the main stores of water in the water cycle?
The lithosphere(land), hydrosphere (liquid water), cyrosphere (frozen water) and atmosphere (air)
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What percentage of water is stored where?
97.4 percents of our water is saline water stored in oceans. 2.5 percent of Earths water is freshwater 68.7 percent of this stored as snow and ice and 30.1 percent stored as groundwater. Surface and other freshwater is 1.2 percent.
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How long does water remain in the water cycle stores?
Ground water shallow=100-200 years. Glaciers=20-100 years. Lakes 50-100 years. Groundwater deep=10000 years. rivers=2-6 months. Soil water=1-2 months.
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What are the processes of change in the water cycle?
Inputs and outputs.
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What is throughflow?
Water flowing through the soil towards the river channel.
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What is sublimation?
Transfer from a solid state (ice) to a gaseous state (water vapour)
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What is groundwater flow?
Transfer of water very slowlythrough rocks.
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At the peak of the worlds last ice age 18000 years ago how much land was covered in ice?
One third- increasing magnitude of this store dramatically.
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What would happen if all the polar ice sheets melted.
This store would increase dramatically with sea level rise of 60 metres.
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What impact is climate change having on ice glaciers?
Climate getting higher means equilibrium line moves to higher altitudes which means glaciers are shrinking and retreating
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Affects on water cycle processes local scale?
Deforestation- less interception Storms-higher magnitude of water in stores. Seasonal changes- affects transfers and stores. Farming- irrigation means more ground water. higher flow of water to rivers.
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what is a drainage basin?
The area of land drained by a river (marked by the water shed). Examples include the Amazon and Nile.
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What is the drainage basin system?
Open system with inputs and outputs (precipitation, run off etc.)
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what is stemflow?
Flow of water through leaves or stems.
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Details of throughflow.
The amount of throughflow depends on how much water a soil can hold. (field capacity)
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what is the water balance?
Precipitation= total runoff+evapotranspiration+/-storage
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What causes variations in runoff?
Differences in soil water, rock type, vegetation and type and intensity of precipiation.
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What is a flood hydrograph?
Graph that shows discharge of a river after a particular storm event.
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What physical factors affect change in the water cycle?
Severe storms, periods of drought. Example Californian drought 2012-2016
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hWhat human activities affect change in the water cycle?
land use change-Urbanisation and deforestation. Farming practices-irrigation and land drainage Water abstraction- aquifers and rivers depleted eg Chalk aquifer beneath London..
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How is irrigation in the middle east affecting the water cycle?
Water extracted from aquifers for irrigation: in serious danger of being depleted.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is an example of postive feedback?

Back

Rising sea levels (due to melting of freshwater ice can stabalise ice shelves, increasing calving. This leads to an increase in melting causing sea levels to rise further.

Card 3

Front

What is negative feedback?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is an example of negative feedback?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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