Geography - UK Landscape + Rivers

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Relief refers to the way the landscape....
changes in height
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which type of hand (lowland/upland?) would be described as mountainous?
upland. lowlands would be described as flat
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what is meant by glaciation?
the build up of ice on the land from a cold period
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what factors effect the shape of the land?
glaciation, rivers
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where are upland areas mainly found in the UK? (three main places)
Scotland (e.g. Northwest Highlands), England (e.g. lake district), Wales (e.g. Snowdonia - Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales and is found in Snowdonia)
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Lowland areas can be found...
around The Wash, Lincolnshire, the Fens in East Anglia, the Midlands, the London Basin, the Vale of York
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how has the ice age effected the landscape?
During last ice age, ice covered large part of UK. ice eroded land - producing some of the mountainous landscapes we have today
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The erosive power of rivers has shaped the relief of the land. The River S__ is an example of this
Severn
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how long is this river? (km)
354 km
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What countries does the river Severn pass through?
England and Wales
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The source of the River Severn is in... (teacher is the source for everything)
the uninhabited Plynlimon hills in moorland in mid-Wales
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The plynlimon hills are ___ meters above sea level
740 meters
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why does Morland receive so much rainfall?
due to depressions from the Atlantic.
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Severn swiftly grows and forms a ___ valley
V-shaped valley
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The river transports a large load, which means there is a lot of ___ taking place
erosion - rapid erosion takes place
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what's formed in the upper course of the river Severn?
waterfalls and gorges
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As the gradient decreases (land gets flatter), ____ and ____ ___ can be found
meanders and oxbow lakes
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As the river nears the lower course, ____ is a threat because of the flat land
flooding
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what is a depression?
low pressure weather system that produce in wet and cloudy weather conditions
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the west coast is 20km away from the plynlimon hills, meaning... (depresions)
the country face full force of depressions from atlantic
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how much rainfall does the country receive yearly? (ml)
over 2500 millimeters - making it one of the wettest parts of britain
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describe the ground of the Plynlimon hills?
sponge-like - holding onto vast amount of rain
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excess rain runs off to form s____
streams
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these streams cut through the land to form...
V-shaped valleys
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it's fast flowing meaning it can carry (lots/little sediments?)
lots of sediments like material stripped from land
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some of the material is dissolved by river. whereas some is....
caried with the river. or some can't be carried so are dragged along the seabed by gravity and velocity of river
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'The Severn Breaks It's Neck' is the name of a...
waterfall in river Severn
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how are gorges formed?
when strong, hard rock lies on soft, weaker rock. water falling erodes weaker rock. over time harder rock falls. waterfall cuts back, forming gorge
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after the waterfall, gradient of river flattens out and eroding through agricultural land. true?
yes
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here, m___ are formed
meanders
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in a meander, the water flows fastest on the (inside/outside?) of the bend
outside
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because the water moves faster, what happens to the landscape on the outside of the bend?
it cuts into landscape, creating cliffs
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what happens to material on the inside of the bend, where the water is slower?
water is not as strong so it deposistes carried materials, forming banks
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over time a meander can cut through land next to another meander, forming an...
oxbow lake
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what four types of river erosion is there?
hydraulic action, attrition, abrasion and solution
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What is Hydraulic action?
his is the sheer power of the water as it smashes against the river banks. Air becomes trapped in the cracks of the river bank and bed, and causes the rock to break apart.
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what is attrition?
rocks carried by river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.
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what is abrasion?
rocks carried by river wear down the river bed and banks buy smashing into them
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what's solution?
When the water dissolves certain types of rocks, eg limestone.
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what are the four types of transportation?
Traction, Saltation, Suspension, Solution
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Traction is when... (attraction - don't leave ground)
large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed
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where is it most common?
most common near the source of a river, as here the load is larger.
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Saltation is when... (salt... bounces...?)
pebbles are bounced along the river bed
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this is most common near the...
source
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Suspension is when... (suspended = carried)
lighter sediment is suspended (carried) within the water
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where is this most common?
near mouth of river where water is stronger
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solution is when rocks are dissolved into the water, but solution is also a form of transportation because...
it's the transport of those dissolved chemicals
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This varies along the river depending on the presence of ___ rocks.
soluble (dissolvable)
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When the river loses energy, it drops any of the material it has been carrying. This is known as ___
deposition
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what factors can lead to deposition?
shadow water, the mouth of river, when water volume decreases
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A drainage basin is....
area of land around the river that is drained by the river and its tributaries.
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Watershed is...
the area of high land forming the edge of a river basin
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a Confluence is...
point where two rivers meet
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a Tributary is...
a small river/stream that joins a larger river
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the Channel is...
where the river flows
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describe the upper course of a river.
where the river starts, river's load is larger, more roughness, more turbulence, more friction
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why is the river's load large in the upper course?
hasn't been broken down by erosion yet
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describe the lower course of a river.
flatter land, river's load is fine sediment (erosion has broken down the rocks), greater cross section, highest hydraulic radius, greatest velocity and discharge (volume of water passing point in given time)
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erosional features are often found in the ___ course of the river.
upper
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A waterfall is... (describe)
sudden drop along the river course. forms when there are horizontal bands of resistant rock (hard rock) positioned over exposed, less resistant rock (soft rock).
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The soft rock is eroded (slower/quicker?) than the hard rock and this creates a step.
quicker
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As erosion continues, the hard rock is undercut, forming...
an overhang
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what erosion takes place to form the plunge pool?
abrasion and hydraulic action
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Over time this gets bigger, increasing the size of the overhang until the hard rock is no longer supported and it...
collapses
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This process continues and the waterfall...
retreats upstream.
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A steep-sided valley is left where the waterfall once was. This is called a...
gorge - deep, narrow passage a river runs through
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In the upper course there is more ___ erosion
vertical - sideways erosion to make river wider
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The river cuts down into the valley. If there are areas of hard rock which are harder to erode, the river will ben around it, creating....
interlocking spurs (hills that river meanders around in a V-shaped valley) of land which link together
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As the river makes its way to the middle course, does it gain or lose energy?
gain
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As a river goes around a bend, most of the water is pushed towards the (outside/inside?)
outside
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this causes an increase in...
speed and erosion
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The lateral erosion on the outside bend cause...
undercutting of the bank to form a river cliff
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Water on the inner bend is slower, meaning...
it will deposite material to form a slip-off-slope
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how is an oxbow lake formed?
erosion narrows neck of meander, making meanders become closer together/ during flood, water cuts across neck in new/shorter route. deposition cuts off orginal path of meander, forming a horseshoe-shape od dried up land
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what is a floodplain?
area of land that becomes filled with water during floods
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Floodplains form due to both erosion and deposition. explain how erosion does this
Erosion removes any interlocking spurs (hills), creating a wide, flat area on either side of the river.
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how does deposition help form the floodplain?
During a flood, material being carried by the river is deposited from loss of speed/energy. Over time, the height of the floodplain increases as material is deposited on either side of the river.
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Floodplains are often agricultural land. why is this?
land is very fertile + made up of silt deposited from river
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Levees occur in the ___ course of a river
lower
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it occurs during a flood. true?
yes - when there's an increase in volume of water
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When the river floods, the sediment spreads out across the floodplain. The largest material is deposited first on the sides of the river banks and smaller material further away. the build up of this sediment is the formation of ___
levees
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what does the increased height of these leeves result in?
flooding is less likely to occur - channel can carry more water
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what is an estuary?
where the river meets the sea (mouth)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

which type of hand (lowland/upland?) would be described as mountainous?

Back

upland. lowlands would be described as flat

Card 3

Front

what is meant by glaciation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what factors effect the shape of the land?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

where are upland areas mainly found in the UK? (three main places)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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