Geography Paper 2- The Changing Economic World

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What is standard of living?
A measure of the material aspects of an economy
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What is quality of life?
Used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies
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What is development?
The progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare
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What is the development gap?
The difference in development between more and less developed countries.
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What is GNI?
The total value of good and services produced by a country in a year, including overseas
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What is GDP?
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year.
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What is HDI?
This is a number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head.
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Why are individual indicators misleading on their own?
Some aspects develop more than others, shows false readings
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What were developed and non developed countries divided into?
MEDC's and LEDC's
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Why can GNI be misleading?
It can hide variation between regions and between classes
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What is Stage 1 in the DTM?
Least developed, birth rate + death rate high, low LE,
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What is Stage 2 in the DTM?
Not very developed, LICs, economy based on agriculture, birth rate high, death rate fall
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What is Stage 3 in the DTM?
More developed, NEE's, birth rate starts to fall, death rate fall slows down, economy to manufacturing, LE increase
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What is Stage 4 in the DTM?
Birth + death rate low + fluctuating, LE high, population constant
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What is Stage 5 in the DTM?
HIC's, birth rate starts to fall so natural decrease, LE high, death rate higher than birth
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How can poor climate affect development?
Not much will grow, malnutrition, fewer crops to sell, less money, reduces QOL, less money from taxes, less money to develop
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How can poor farming land affect development?
Steep or poor soil, not a lot of food produced, same effect as poor climate
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How can few raw materials affect development?
Less money, less products to sell, some have lots of raw but can't manufacture
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How can lots of natural hazards affect development?
Can cause death, injury or disruption , have to spend a lot of money repairing, reduce QOL and money for gov
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How does colonisation affect development?
Because their money was controlled, removed raw materials +slaves
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How does conflict affect development?
War reduces development, money spent on war instead of development
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How does poor trade links cause uneven development?
Won't make money cause can't trade so less money for development
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How does lots of debt cause uneven development?
Borrowed money, paid back w interest, any money made used to pay off debt
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How does an economy based on primary products cause uneven development?
You dont make much profit by selling primary products, prices fluctuate,
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What impacts does uneven development have on wealth?
People in more developed countries have higher income
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What impacts does uneven development have on health?
HIC's live longer, infant mortality higher in LIC's
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What impacts does uneven development have on international migration?
Neighbouring countries, people migrate, for better QOL
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How can aid reduce the development gap?
Aid given by one country to another, can be wasted by corrupt gov , project stop working when runs out
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How can debt relief reduce the development gap?
When all or some debt cancelled, more money for development
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How can fair trade reduce the development gap?
All fair price for goods produced in LIC's
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What is intermediate technology?
Tools, machines and systems that improve QOL but are simple to use affordable
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How can intermediate tech reduce the development gap?
People can work in homes, children study after dark, skills increase, money increase
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How can investment reduce the development gap?
Companies or other countries invest which leads to better finance, tech, infrastructure and services
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How can industrial development reduce the development gap?
Agriculture makes up a lot of economy so it increases GNI and helps improve development
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How can tourism reduce the development gap?
Provide increased income, more money entering
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How can micro-finance loans reduce the development gap?
Small loans given to people in LIC's who may not be to get loans from banks, start own business, financially independent
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Where is Kenya?
East Africa
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Why does Kenya attract tourists?
It's tribal culture, safari wildlife, warm climate, unspoilt scenery
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What did Kenya do to their Visa fees in 2009?
They cut the price of adult visas by 50% and scrapped visa's for children under 16
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What else was dropped in Kenya?
Landing fees at airports were dropped for charter airlines
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What has tourism increased by in Kenya?
From 0.9 million per year in 1995 to 1.8million in 2011
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What is the first benefit of tourism in Kenya?
It contributes to over 12% of Kenya's GDP
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What is the second benefit of tourism in Kenya?
600,000 people are directly or indirectly employed by tourism industry, 10% of all employment
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What is the third benefit of tourism in Kenya?
24 National Parks charge entry fees and HDI increased from 0.45-0.55
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What is the first disadvantage of tourism in Kenya?
Most money goes overseas and not to locals
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What is the second disadvantage of tourism in Kenya?
Maasai tribes forced off land to create national parks
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What is the third disadvantage of tourism in Kenya?
Tourist vehicles damage environment
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What are TNCs?
Companies that are located in, or produce and sell products in more than one country
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Why are TNC factories usually located in poorer countries?
Because labour is cheaper and fewer environmental + labour regulations which means they make more profit
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How can TNC's help improve development?
Transferring jobs, skills, technology and money to less developed countries to help reduce development gap
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Why are the headquarters of TNC's located in richer countries?
There are more people with administrative skills
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What is the first benefit of TNC's?
Create jobs + more reliable income
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What is the second benefit of TNC's?
They spend money to improve infrastructure
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What is the first drawback of TNC's?
Employees in poorer countries may be paid a lower wage
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What is the second drawback of TNC's?
Employees work in poorer conditions and may have to work long hours
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What is the third + fourth drawback of TNC's?
Not all money goes back to country and jobs aren't secure
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Where is Nigeria?
West Africa, borders Niger, Chad and Cameroon
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When was Nigeria fully independent from colonisation?
1960
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When did Nigeria become the world's 21st largest economy?
2014
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What % of the worlds oil does Nigeria supply?
2.7%
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What is the population of Nigeria?
182 million
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What % of its population are employed in agriculture?
70%
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What have China invested into Nigeria?
Money towards the construction of the capital
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What have South Africa invested into Nigeria?
Business + Banking
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What have American companies such as general electric invested in?
A new power plant
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How many people attend secondary school in Nigeria?
60% in urban and 36% in rural
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Why is GDP lower in the North of Nigeria?
Due to semi arid conditions, drought, desertification and a lack of resources
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Why is GDP higher in the South of Nigeria?
Access to Niger Delta, higher rainfall and access to oil reserves
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What is limiting economic growth in the North?
A terrorist group called Boko Haram
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What attracts tourists to Nigeria?
Nollywood, music, sport and literature
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What is Nollywood?
The second largest film industry in the world
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What are Nigeria's main exports?
Crude oil, refined petroleum, natural gas, rubber, cocoa,cotton + rubber
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What are Nigeria's main imports?
Refined petroleum from EU+ USA, cars from Brazil, rice, wheat and phones
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Who was Nigeria's biggest oil customer until 2013?
USA
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What stopped the USA from being the biggest customer?
Due to the development of Shale Oil
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Between 2013-2014 what percentage of oil was to India, China, Japan and South Korea?
Increased by 40%
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What has happened due to selling crude oil?
Dependence on agriculture decreased, 40% in this population
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What % does oil account for in GD?
14%
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How many years left until supply of oil runs out?
50
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What is Nigeria's economy like now?
Agriculture, services and industry are 1/3 divided each
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Why has employment in agriculture fallen?
Increased use of farm machinery and better pay + working conditions in the other sectors
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Why is Nigeria's economy changing?
More english speakers, concern for environments + information tech drive economy
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What manufactured goods does Nigeria produce?
Processed foods, textiles, leather, soap
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How does manufacturing help development?
Better paid jobs, industries grow, attracts foreign investment
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How many TNC's operate in Nigeria?
40
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What is Unilever?
A TNC in Nigeria
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What does Unilever produce?
Range of foods, drinks and items for phone
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How many people does Unilever employ?
1500
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What has Shell Oil brought to Nigeria?
Major contributions in taxes and export revenue
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How many people does Shell employ?
65,000 directly and 250,000 in related industries
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What % of Shell contracts go to Nigerian companies?
91%
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What are the environmental problems of Shell?
Oil flares send fumes, oil spills
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What is emergency aid?
Follows a natural disaster
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What is developmental aid?
Long term support to improve QOL
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Why does Nigeria receive aid? (3 reasons)
Limited access to services, 100mil people live on less than 63p and infant mortality rates are high
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What does the aid given by the USA help?
Educate people about HIV/AIDS
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What prevents aid from being used? (3 reasons)
Corruption, donors have influence and used to promote self interest of donor
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Where is the Aduwan health centre?
North Nigeria
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What helped fund the clinic in 2010?
Actionaid who convinced world bank to help aid nigeria
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What does the Aduwan health centre do?
Teaches women about immunising their kids against polio and does tests against HIV
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How does economic growth affect the environment? (Lagos)
In Lagos, pollutants go into drains+ water channels
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How does economic growth affect the environment?
Disposal of chemical waste threatens soil, land quality and water quality
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How does economic growth affect the people?
Poisonous gases can cause heart + respiratory problems
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What % of Nigeria's forest was destroyed?
70-80%
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What effects does tin mining have?
Leads to soil erosion and water supplies are polluted
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What does oil spills have on environment?
Cause fires, co2 in air and acid rain
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What happened during 2008-2009?
Bodo Oil Spills
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How many gallons of crude oil were spilt over 20km ^?
11
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How much money did Shell spend to the communities in 2015?
£55 million
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Has all of the techniques in Nigeria worked?
Still not access to facilities, wider wealth gap, corruption
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What % of Nigeria's population live in poverty?
70
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is quality of life?

Back

Used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies

Card 3

Front

What is development?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the development gap?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is GNI?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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