Geography; Urban issues and challenges

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What is urbanisation?
The increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas. A high percentage of people already live in towns and cities in HIC
Worlds urban population risen from 30% in 1950 to 54% in 2014, one of most important and challenging trends for the future
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What is a HIC? Give examples
What is an LIC? Give examples
High income country (United Kingdom, Germany)
Low income country (chad, Ethiopia)
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Explain the pattern for projected increase in urban population?
Overall the urban population is projected to increase. Low income and newly emerging economy countries are predicted to have a larger increase than high income countries as more people are already living in urban areas there. NEE is predicted to increase
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What is counter urbanisation? What type of countries is this happening in and why?
It is when is the population that is living in urban areas is decreasing as people move from towns/cities to more rural areas. This is happening more in HIC where the things needed are becoming more available everywhere people are able to work from home w
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Wha are the two main reasons cities are getting bigger?
Rural-urban migration( the movement of people from countryside into towns)
Natural increase( when the birth rate is higher than the death rate)
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Why does natural increase occur?
-high proportion of young adults aged 18-35, therefore more children will be born, smaller proportion of older people mans the death rate is lower, improvement of healthcare can result in lower death rate, tends to be higher in HICs and NEEs
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What is rural to urban migration caused by?
Push and pull factors (real or imagined disadvantages in living in countryside and advantages of living in the city)
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Examples of push factors
-land is scarce
-civil war
-political/religious persecution
-limited opportunities for well paid employment
-lack of services
-high crime rate
-mechanisation of farming
-natural hazards/clime change issues
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Examples of pull factors
-better pad employment
-more fertile land
-promise of freedom
-better schools and healthcare
-safer, less crime
-higher employment
-friends/family in urban areas
-better public services (transport/water/electricity)
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What is a mega city? How many are there in the world today?
A city that contains over 10 million people, 29 cities currently and are expected to be over 40 by 2030
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Why do mega cities grow?
*natural increase
*lack of need for agriculture
*loss of farmland
*better technology
*rural to urban migration
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What is happening to the growth of mega cities in different countries ?
Slowing down in HIC (Tokyo and Los Angeles- grew rapidly in 20th century)
Growing rapidly in parts of Asia and Africa(LICs)(Mumbai, lagos and Jakarta— grew slowly in 20th century )
Growing in NEEs (Beijing, Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City)
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What is the location of Rio De Janiero?
CLOCC
Located on the east coast of South America above the Tropic of Capricorn. It is west of the Atlantic Ocean and south east of Brazilia.
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Key information about Rio
2nd largest city
2014 6.5 million people in the city and 12.5 million in surrounding areas
Grown rapidly over last 50 years
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Why is Rio important regionally?
-international airport
-home to 12.5 million people
-port exports and imports goods- exports coffee sugar and iron ore
-main manufacturing industries located here (chemicals, pharmaceuticals, furniture )
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Why is Rio important nationally?
-provides 5% of countries GDP
- until 1960 as the capital of Brazil
-cultural capital of Brazil over 50 museums, famous annual carnival is one of worlds biggest music and dance celebrations
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Why is Rio important internationally?
UNESCO world heritage site- one of the seven modern wonders of the world, Christ the Redeemer
Most visited city in Southern Hemisphere _1.6 million visitors (improves economy)
Hosted 2016 Olympic and 2014 World Cup
Carnival attracts 1 million visitors a y
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Causes of urban population growth in Rio
-very high brith rate (1940-60) natural change grew quickly, 2000 natural change slowed as birth rate fell
-R-U migration accounts for 65% of population growth, growth of textile industry brought migrants from South Korea, and Bolivians illegally to gain
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How has the access to services benefited the urban poor?
SOCIAL
HEALTH improved rapidly compared to other parts of Brazil, 105 hospitals, only 34% public / life expectancy is 77 compared to 73 in Brazil, infant mortality rate lower
EDUCATION 25% of poorest children do not attend school, illiteracy rate is 4% low compa
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How has the access to resources benefited the urban poor?
SOCIAL
WATER SUPPLY 95% has mains water supply, only 65% in rural population
ENERGY rural northern Brazil 1 in4 homes no electricity supply, lower energy cost and hydro elec power plants 99% of city has access to power grid (Simplicio hydroelectric complex built
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How has the industrial areas benefited the urban poor and stimulated economic development?
ECONOMIC
-more jobs in rio than north and north east Brazil
-6% of employment in Brazil -one of highest incomes per head -formal/informal economy -tourism city’s biggest industry (Copacabana beach) -major centre for banking, finance and insurance -Land Rover £240
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Challenges and Solutions; slums and squatter settlements
1. Favelas no waste system, dumped on streets flows into rivers, illegally tap into mains electricity, poorly constructed houses, basic materials, plastic sheets, steep slopes,2010 224 died houses swept away landslides
2. Health clinics built in favelas,
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Challenges and Solutions; Providing clean water sanitation and energy
1.Frequent blackouts shortage of electricity, illegally tap into mains
2. Power plant in city using rubs to create electricity, 60km new power lines and new nuclear generator
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Challenges and Solutions; Access to services health and education
1.In 2013 only 55% local health clinic, only half children continue education beyond 14, poor services elderly and pregnant, lack of schools, lack of money earned - % of attendance low
2. Medical staff regular home visits, authorities give grants o poor f
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Challenges and Solutions; Reducing unemployment and crime
1. Violent crime common in areas, occur regularly, unemployment in favelas over 20%, most in formal economy, drug trafficking controlled by powerful gangs, 1/3 of 3.5 million workers don’t have formal contract
2.police presence increased, tougher punishme
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Challenges and Solutions; Environmental issues
1. Travel congestion increases stress, pollutions and commute time, Guanabara bay highly polluted over 200 tones a day, pollution affects beaches damage tourism and local economy
2. Power plant used methane from rubbish, consumes 30 tonnes a day and elec
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What is a squatter settlement?
Spontaneous settlement that is often built illegally on unused land along roadsides at the die of cities
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Where are favelas located?
1000 in rio area, 60% in suburbs, 25% in outer parts, authorities clear those near centre to make it more attractive to tourists
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What is the favela Bairro project ?
Improving life in the favelas, a site and service scheme (local authority provides land and services to build homes) complexo do alemao more than 60000 people has had lots of new improvements, however the project has failed to address land ownership issue
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How haste project improved life in favelas?
Paved and formally named roads/access to water supply, drainage system/hillside secured prevents landslides or relocated/new health, leisure, education facilities/cable car system/access to credit allow to buy materials to improve home/100% mortgages ava
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Has the project been a success or failure?
Improved quality of life, mobility and employment and recognised as model by UN, used in other cities
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What are the problems still?
Budget of US$1 billion did not cover all the favelas/ new buildings not maintained / lack of skills and resources to make repairs/ more training needed to improve literacy and employment/ rent rise makes poor inhabitants worse off
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To what extent do you think the Favela Barrio project has been a success?
Limited success as the living condition have not ben taken into consideration when making changes - can’t afford to live there
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How is the population distributed throughout the UK?
82% of UK pop lives in towns/cities, high populated in London and low populated in Scotland, most cities are in south and east England,
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How might the distribution in the UK change?
Immigrants settle in larger cities, urban to rural migration of older people who have retired,
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What is the CBD?
The central business district, the most services, arts and transport, entertainment, circled by a ring road,
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What is the inner city?
An area that is undergoing change in urban areas, historical mills and warehouses near canals rows of terraced housing, mills are turned into apartments and terraced housing demolished or improved
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what is the inner and outer suburbs?
Mainly residential in nature, traditional more expensive place compared to inner city, popular with families semi-detached and detached houses, larger houses and more green spaces
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What is the rural-urban fringe?
Found at the edge of urban area, forms a green belt of land, new housing estates, business parks and recreational facilities, golf course, shopping centre, make use of transport links
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Where is Manchester?
Locate in the north west of England, east of Liverpool and north west of Birmingham, the m6 is to the west of Manchester, the m61 is to the north and the m60 surrounds Manchester
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What is the national importance of Manchester?
2 premiership football teams, 2nd largest urban area in UK, centre of industrial revolution, contributes 5% of UK wealth, 3 universities- 75,000 students, economic growth above national average, velodrome national cycling centre, over 20,000 companies, 3r
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What is the international importance of Manchester?
Euro 96, 2002 commonwealth, 2019 World Cup, international airport 23M passengers, 3rd most visited by foreign tourists, international headquarters for adidas and Google, emirates old Trafford holds international cricket match
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How is Manchester a diverse city?
Curry mile in Rusholm, Chinatown, 153 different languages, grew by 80,200 between 2001 and 2011, mainly inner city areas grew, uneven growth, lots of young people,lots of bars and clubs,
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How has migration affected the character of Manchester?
Irish-late 19th century, little Ireland, 35% have Irish ancestry. Industrial revolution- employment, terraced houses. West Indian-9% of pop, many worked in health and transport. Indian- curry mile. Chinese- china town. Eastern european- polish shops, and
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What is economic inequality?
Refers to income inequality, wealth inequality, or wealth gap
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What is deprivation?
He denial of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society
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What is social inequality?
Unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions o statuses within a group or society
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Wha is poverty?
The scarcity o the lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money. Poverty is a complicated concept, which may include social, economic and political elements
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a HIC? Give examples
What is an LIC? Give examples

Back

High income country (United Kingdom, Germany)
Low income country (chad, Ethiopia)

Card 3

Front

Explain the pattern for projected increase in urban population?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is counter urbanisation? What type of countries is this happening in and why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Wha are the two main reasons cities are getting bigger?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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