Geography LIVING WORLD

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What is an ecosystem?
A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment
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What is a food chain?
Living things in an ecosystem ar linked together by the flows of energy and matter of things eat each other. The simple direct links between producers and consumers ca be shown as food chains- a simple line diagram
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What is a food web?
These show the connection between producers ad consumers in a more complex way within an ecosystem as a web
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Why might energy be lost from a food chain?
Not every part of animal is eaten, movement, excreation, respiration, heat
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What is the nutrient cycle?
The movement of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter
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Give examples of producers, consumers and de composers?
Producers; algae, microscopic plants Consumers; heron, fish, kingfisher Decomposer; worms,midge lava
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Where is the desert biome located?
the desert ecosystem is mainly found along and slightly above the Tropic of Cancer and along and slightly below the Tropic of Capricorn. To be specific deserts are located in Northern Africa, The south-west of North America and central and southern areas
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What are the Characteristic of tropical deserts?
High temp, heavy rainfall, low pressure, covers 6% of worlds surface, more than half of worlds species of plats and animals, 1/4 of all medicines come from rainforest
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What are the Characteristic of Hot deserts?
Cover 1/5 of land surface, high pressure, high daytime temps, low nighttime temp and rainfall
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What are the Characteristic of polar?
Cold air sinks causing very low temps, dry conditions, fall below -500degrees celcius
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What are the Characteristic of Deciduous and coniferous forest?
Deciduous (UK)shed leaves to retain moisture, coniferous keep leaves to maximise photosynthesis during short summer,
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What are the Characteristic of Grassland?
Warm, dry summers and cold winters. Used or grazing animals
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Why are tropical rainforests located above and below the equator?
High temp and heavy rain all year round creating ideal growth for trees all year round, heavy conventional rain and high humidity near the equator, accelerated evaporation means lots f rainfall, air pressure is low which is associated with high rainfall
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What makes it a rainforest ?
Lie between topics, at least 200cm of rain per year,
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What is the soil in a tropical rainforest like?
Infertile and thin, nutrients found in top layer of soil where dead leaves decompose rapidly in hot and humid conditions, shallow roots, heavy rainfall can dissolve and carry nutrients away leaching,
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What are buttress roots?
Wide buttress roots help anchor the trees to the ground, provide stability for trees to grow tall to sunlight, large ridges help transfer water and cover great distance to absorb sufficient nutrients,
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What are drip tip leaves?
Waxy and have a drip tip to allow water to ru off the quickly, water does not gather on the leaves and cause them to rot also stops them ripping due to weight of water which would stop photosynthesis, stem is flexible to allow leaves to move to maximise s
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What are branchless trees?
Many of the trees have straight trunks that do not have branches, because there is little light in th lower layers of rainforest
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What are lianas?
A woody plant that takes root in soil but is supported by trees so it can grow upwards to get sunlight
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How has the squirrel monkey adapted?
Huge tails-balance in the canopy
Paws-like hands to eat nuts and grip trees
Short,strong thighs-to leap through trees, power
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How has the red eyed tree frog adapted?
Suction cups-to climb trees
Red eyes- hides bright Color’s when it sleeps and stops predators, warning
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How has the three toes frog adapted?
Very strong legs- hang for long time
Greenish algae- on fur provides Camouflage
Moves slow- doesn’t draw attention to itself
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How has the poison dart frog darted?
Bright color- warn off predator
Spit out poison- defence
Suction pads-cling to trees when climbing
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How biodiverse is the rainforest?
Over half of worlds pant and animal species, more than 2/3 of plant species, 3% of worlds trees, 25%of medicines, over 1000 species
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What is deforestation?
Clearing of forest or removal of trees and other vegetation for agriculture, commercial, housing or firewood without replanting, one of main factors to green house gases,
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Causes of deforestation; what is subsistence farming?
Local people cut down trees so land can be farmed, plants burnt to provide nutrients for soil, produces only enough for fail and any extra s sold
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Causes of deforestation; what is Comercial farming?
Large areas of forest removed to make space for cattle to graze to be able to grow crops. Large scale business making profit, often exported for country revenue
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Causes of deforestation; what is Logging?
Larger trees cut down for timber, sold internationally, smaller trees used for fuel
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Causes of deforestation; what is Road building?
Increases accessibility, access different parts of the forest, for mining,logging, improve transport links, more evenly speed development
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Causes of deforestation; what is Mineral extraction?
Digging coal, diamond, gold, requires all removal of forest, requires roads to and from mines
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Causes of deforestation; what is Energy development?
Building dams to generate hydro-electric power floods large areas of forest
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Causes of deforestation; what is Population growth?
As population goes trees are cleared to make land for new settlements
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What is the location of the amazon rainforest?
Located in the north of South America. Th Roth western part of Brazil as well as parts of Bolivia Peru Venezuela. Educador, Columbia
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How has settlement and population growth caused deforestation in the amazon?
Migration to the amazon area puts pressure on rainforest, Brazilian government offers land in rainforest to por people from overcrowded cities, PARAUAPEBAS an iron ore mining town, lots of shanty towns, rainforest pop grew 23% in10 years
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How has road building caused deforestation in the amazon?
Roads are essential for development of rainforest, most are unstable as they are not paved, the TRANS AMAZONIAN HIGHWAY 4,000km opened up large parts of rainforest increased accessibility for destroying the forest but also to get to parts quicker
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How has energy development caused deforestation in the amazon?
Mainly HEP 150 new planned, energy used for mining, BELO MONTE DAM, generates over 11,000 Mw displaced over 15,000 people.
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How has cattle ranching caused deforestation in the amazon?
Accounts for 80% of deforestation, in 2008 brazil made $6.9 billion from trading cattle
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How has logging caused deforestation in the amazon?
Tree like mahogany and teak are very valuable for furniture. Smaller trees are used for fuel.
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How has comercial farming caused deforestation in the amazon?
2nd biggest exporter of soy beans, since 2000 growing of soya has doubled, doubled amount of rainforest cleared, SANTAREM soya is main cause of deforestation,
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How has mineral extraction caused deforestation i the amazon?
Iron, manganese, nickel, tin, beryllium, copper, lead, largest iron ore in the world CARJAS employing 3,000 running 24 hours a day
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How has subsistence farming caused deforestation in the amazon?
Local people cu down trees, when land becomes unproductive are opening up more areas of the forestt
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Effects of deforestation?
Jobs, dams displace many people, flood area of land, leave soil open for erosion, more deforestion as more accesible, adds co2 into tmosphere, responsible for 15% of co2 emisiones, amazon stores 100 billion tonnes of carbon, loss ox oxygen production and
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Food
Plants like cocoa, sugar, bananas, cinnamon, vanilla, spices, rubber, rope, chemicals used to are perfumes soaps and polishes and chewing gum
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Water
Large amounts of rainfall, perfect for hydropower take advantage of high river flows, important source of clean water, 20% of worlds fresh water comes from amazon river basin
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Climate
‘Lungs of the earth’ 20% of worlds oxygen comes fro rainforest, prevent climate from being to hot and dry
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Medicines
25% of all medicines come from rainforest plants, more than 2000 tropical forest plants have anti-cancer properties
periwinkle - childhood lukemia
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Biodiversity
Contain half of worlds plants and animals, may become extinct before discovery
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
People
Indigenous tribes live in harmony in rainforest without wasting or causing long term damage to the forest
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Climate change
Absorb and store co2
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Why should tropical rainforests be protected?
Protection against soil erosion
Trees help to anchor the soil, if it is washed into rivers it causes problems for fish and rivers, shallower waterways difficult manovering boats, water is lost to runoff-less HEP and less fertile sol available
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Who are the Achuar people of the Peruvian amazon?
About 11,000 people live in small communities and rely on recourses fro rainforest, treat rainforest with respect, in 2012 oil company Talisman energy stopped their oil exploration in the region
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What is sustainability?
Actions and forms of progress tha meet the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Selective logging
Cutting down the large trees and leaving the smaller trees to mature and continue protect the ground, sometimes used helicopters to not further destroy forest, allows forest to regenerate, can sometimes damage trees around them
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Replanting
New trees are planted to. Replace ones that are cut down, in some countries there are laws to make logging companies replant trees when they clear an area, it’s expensive to replant large areas of rainforest, poor countries may struggle to replant
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Conservation
National parks and nature reserve, damaging activities is restricted, GivAudAN a Swiss perfume company aims to protect rainforest in Venezuela, lack of funds are it difficult to enforce restrictions
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Debt reduction
Rainforests are often in lower income countries and borrow from HIC, the world bank to fund development schemes or to cope with emergencies, money is paid back with interest, reduce debt in return for an agreed lower debt
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Ecotourism
Aims to introduce people to the natural world and protect the environment, tourism minimises damage to environment and benefits local people, water an litter disposal, tracks above grass, eg Costa Rica Malaysia improves well being of local people, only wo
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Education
Teaching about the impacts of deforestation, buy products that re certified from sustainable sources. Local people make money alternative way that doesn’t harm the environment
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
International agreements
International tropical timber agreement asures wood is legally sourced, reduces illegal logging,
Forest stewardship council-promotes sustainable forestry, poorer countries struggle to enforce agreements due t lack of funding
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How can the amazon be sustainably managed?
Conservation swap
Part of a countries debt is paid off in exchange for a garuntee that the money is spent on conservation, in 2008 the USA reduced perus debt by $25 million in exchange for rainforests conservation
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What is a desert?
An area that receive less than 250mm of precipitation a year
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Card 2

Front

What is a food chain?

Back

Living things in an ecosystem ar linked together by the flows of energy and matter of things eat each other. The simple direct links between producers and consumers ca be shown as food chains- a simple line diagram

Card 3

Front

What is a food web?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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Why might energy be lost from a food chain?

Back

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Card 5

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What is the nutrient cycle?

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