Geography - Dynamic Landscapes Topic 1

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  • Created by: crwxox
  • Created on: 06-11-16 12:40
Describe what happens at a destructive boundary
This occurs when oceanic and continental plates move together. The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes.
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Give an example of a boundary where this happens
Juan de Fuca plate (oceanic) and North American plate (continental)
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Describe what happens at a collisional plate boundary
Collision zones form when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains.
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Give an example of a boundary where this happens
Indian and Eurasian plate
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Describe what happens at a constructive boundary
A constructive plate boundary, sometimes called a divergent plate margin, occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.
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Give an example of a boundary where this happens
North American and Eurasian plate
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Describe what happens at a conservative boundary
A conservative plate boundary, sometimes called a transform plate margin, occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds. Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in
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Give an example of a boundary where this happens
Pacific and North American Plate
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Describe the temperatures of the parts of the earth
Crust - 400, Mantle - 870, outer core 4400-6100, Inner core - 7000
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Describe the densities of the parts of the earth
Crust - least dense, inner core - most dense
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Describe the composition of the parts of the earth
Crust - granite and basalt, Mantle - peridotite, outer core - iron and sulphur, inner core - nickel and iron
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Describe the physical state of the parts of the earth
Crust - solid, mantle - liquid and sold layers, outer core - liquid, inner core - solid
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Describe the timeline of evidence supporting plate tectonics from 1915-1920
1915 - Wegener came up with the theory of continental drift. WW1 - sonar technology allows geological features to be found on the ocean floor e.g. mid atlantic ridges. 1919 - Arthur Holmes came up with idea of convection current to support Wegener
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Describe the timeline of evidence supporting plate tectonics from 1946-1960
1946 - ocean floor mapped revealing even more features. 1954 - a world map of volcanoes and earthquakes reveals a pattern. 1960 - Hess and Dietz develop the theory of sea floor spreading
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Describe the timeline of evidence supporting plate tectonics from 1963 - 1983
1963 - Magnetic rock reveals a pattern of spreading away from centre of atlantic supporting Hess and Dietz. 1965 - Wilson proposes that the wold is made of plates. 1983 - GPS becomes available, showing the movement of the surface of the earth
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Describe the characteristics of andesitic lava
800-1000 degrees, 3% gas, slow flow, violent explosion
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Describe the characteristics of Basaltic lava
1000-1200 degrees, 1% gas, runny flow, gentle explosion
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Describe the characteristics of Rhyolitic Lava
650-800 degrees, 4-6% gas, thick lava, very violent explosion
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Describe three ways in which earthquakes can become more destructive
Shockwaves, tsunamis and liquefaction
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What are five primary hazards of volcanoes?
1. Lahars - fast flows of mud, rock and water. 2. Landslide 3. Pyroclastic flow 4. Lava flow 5. Eruption cloud
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Describe 3 social, environmental and economic impacts of the 2011 japanese tsunami
En: Dam north of Fukushima burst its banks, damage to service lines, damaged gas pipes caused fires. So: 18500 dead, 2m homeless, 500,000 in shelters. Ec: $220bn damage, yen fell, tokyo stocks fell
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Describe 2 short term and 2 long term management strategies
S: Tsunami warning 3mins after eq, 91 countries offered aid L: 6 days later motorway was repaired, nuclear plants moved further inland
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Describe the Pressure and Release model
A tool used to work out the risk factor of an area based on the threat of a hazard itself and the vulnerability caused by unsafe conditions, dynamic pressures and root causes
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What is the equation for risk?
(frequency or magnitude of a hazard x level of vulnerability) / capacity of population to cope
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What is the equation for risk reduction?
(mitigation of hazard x reduction of vulnerability) / increased capacity)
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Describe five factors that affect vulnerability
1. Industrialised countries suffer high short term economic losses but have better infrastructure. 2. Developing countries have a lack of relief infrastructure. 3.Areas of poverty are less likely to be able to withstand high natural forces
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4. Women are the primary caregivers to children, elderly and disabled so are less able to help themselves. 5. Elderly are often isolated and neglected by relief systems
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What does the richter scale measure
Amplitude of waves
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What does the mercalli scale measure
Experienced impacts of an earthquake
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What does the MMS measure
Energy released
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What does the VEI measure
Explosiveness of an eruption
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How do you use spearman's rank to identify a correlation
1. Rank first set of info from high to low 2. Rank second set of data from high to low 3. Work out the difference between the two ranks 4. square each difference 5. add up all the squared numbers 6. use the formula to calculate correlation
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What is the formula?
n = number of paired values, Ed2 = sum of squared differences --> 1 - ((6xEd2)/n(n2-1))
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What does the value obtained from the formula mean?
+1 = perfect positive correlation, 0 = no correlation, -1= negative correlation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Juan de Fuca plate (oceanic) and North American plate (continental)

Back

Give an example of a boundary where this happens

Card 3

Front

Collision zones form when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Indian and Eurasian plate

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A constructive plate boundary, sometimes called a divergent plate margin, occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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