Geography 1A- Tectonic Hazards

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How is hazard risk increasing?
Population growth, urbanisation and pressure on land
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What happens if more people are in an area exposed to natural hazards?
The greater the probability they will be affected
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The better a population can cope with an extreme event, the lower the what?
Threat
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What is labelled in the picture?
Inner core
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What is the inner core made out of?
It is a solid and is made up of iron and nickel
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What is labelled in the picture?
Outer Core
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What is the outer core made out of?
It is a liquid made up of iron and liquid
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What is labelled in the picture?
Mantle
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What is the mantle made up of?
Semi-molten rock called magma
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What is labelled in the picture?
Crust
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What is the crust made up of?
Solid rock
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Describe the main two characteristics of the continetal crust
Thicker and less dense
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Describe the main two characteristics of the oceanic crust
Thinner and more dense
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When the ocenaic plate goes under the continental plate what is this called?
Subduction zone
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Why do the plates move?
Because of the convection currents in the mantle underneath the crust
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What are destructive margins?
Where two plates are moving towards each other
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Where are destructive margins found?
Along the west coast of South America
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What are constructive margins?
Where two plates are moving away from each other
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Where are constructive margins found?
At the mid-Atlantic ridge
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What are conservative margins?
Where two plates are moving sideways past each other
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Where are conservative margins found?
Along the west coast of the USA.
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What are collision margins?
Where two continental crusts head towards each other and the crust gets folded upwards
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Where are collision margins found?
Himalayas
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Where is the ring of fire?
Along the margin of the Pacific plate
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What do destructive plate margins form?
Composite cone volcanoes and earthquakes
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What do constructive plate margins form?
Shield volcanoes and earthquakes
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What do collision plate margins form?
Fold mountains and earthquakes
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What do conservative plate margins form?
Earthquakes
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What are shield volcanoes?
Runny lava that spreads out gently.
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What are composite cone volcanoes?
Sticky lava that doesn't go far but causes layers of ash and lava. It is also very explosive and violent
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Why is a composite cone volcano more explosive?
Because the lava is sticky so it blocks the volcano which has to errupt as the pressure has built up
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What are fold moutains?
that form mainly by the effects of folding on layers within the upper part of the Earth's crust.
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What are earthquakes caused by?
Tension that builds up at all plate boundaries
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What do earthquakes send out?
Shock waves (Vibrations)
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Where do the shockwaves spread out from?
Focus
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What is the focus?
The point in the earth where the earthquake starts*
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What is the epicentre?
Tghe point on the Earth's surface straight above focus
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What are earthquakes measured with?
Moment magnitude scale
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What is the first primary effect of a volcanic eruption?
Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows, buildings collapse from ash
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What is the second primary effect of a volcanic eruption?
People and animals are injured or killed by pyroclastic fflows, lava flows and falling rocks
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What is the third primary effect of a volcanic eruption?
Crops damaged, water contaminated- people suffocate
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What is the first secondary effect of a volcanic eruption?
Mud-flows and landslides cause more destruction, damage and death
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What is the second secondary effect of a volcanic eruption?
Flooding- heat melts snow, rock clogs dams
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What is the third secondary effect of a volcanic eruption?
People homeless, transport blocked, long time recovery
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What is the first immediate response to a volcanic eruption?
Evacuate people, provide food drink shelter for them
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What is the second immediate response to a volcanic eruption?
Tech comps set up disaster response tools
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What is the third immediate response to a volcanic eruption?
Provide temporary supplies of electricity etc if damaged
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What is the first long term response after a volcanic eruption?
Repair and rebuild houses and infrastructure
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What is the second long term response after a volcanic eruption?
Improve monitoring and evacuation plans
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What is the third long term response after a volcanic eruption?
Boost economy -tourists
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What happened to L'Aquila Italy in 2009?
Earthquake- 6.3
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How many deaths from collapsed buildings? (Primary)
300
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How many people injured? (Primary)
1500
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How many homeless people? (Primary)
60,000
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How many buildings destroyed? (Primary)
Tens of thousands
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What is the first secondary effect?
Aftershocks and fires caused more damage
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What is the second secondary effect?
Broken water pipe caused landslide
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What is the third secondary effect?
Electricity and phones interrupted fixed within a day
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What is the first immediate response?
Camps set up with food and water
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What is the second immediate response?
Rescue survivors and give free phones
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What is the first immediate response?
Cranes used to remove rubble
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What is the first long term response?
New settlements built to accommodate 20,000
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What is the second long term response?
City rebuilt
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What is the third long term response?
Investigation to see why buildings collapsed
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What happened in Kashmir Pakistan in 2005?
An earthquake- 7.6
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How many deaths? (Primary)
80,000
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How many injured? (Primary)
Tens of thousands
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How many homeless people? (Primary?
3 million
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What is the first secondary effect?
Landslides buried people and blocked off supplies
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What is the second secondary effect?
Diarrhoea spread due to unclean water
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What is the third secondary effect?
Freezing conditions after caused more casulaties
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What is the first immediate response?
International aid and equipment sent in
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What is the second immediate response?
Help didn't reach areas for weeks- many rescued by hand
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What is the third immediate response?
Tents, blankets were distributed - took a month in some areas
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What is the first long term response?
40,000 people relocated
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What is the second long term response?
Aid given to rebuild schools
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What is the third long term response?
People used gov money for food- 3 years later = tents, 10years = students taught outside
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What is the first reason to why someone might live somewhere at risk?
Always lived there and employed there
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What is the second reason to why someone might live somewhere at risk?
Won't think it will happen to them and gov will support if it happens
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What is the third reason to why someone might live somewhere at risk?
Soil is fertile and is good for farmers
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How can monitoring reduce effects of earthquake?
Networks can monitor earth movements and be used in early warning systems
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How can monitoring reduce effects of an eruption?
Monitor tell-tale signs that come- to tell people to evacuate
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How can prediction reduce effects of earthquake?
Monitor movement of plates forecast areas that should prepare
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How can prediction reduce effects of an eruption?
Can be predicted if well monitored- gives people time to evacuate
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How can protection reduce effects of earthquake?
Built to withstand- buildings and bridges strengthened
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How can protection reduce effects of an eruption?
Bridges and buildings strengthened, automatic shut off for gas and electricity to prevent fires
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How can planning reduce effects of earthquake?
Emergency people train, educated, evacuation routes, emergency supplies stockpiled
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How can planning reduce effects of an eruption?
Emergency people train, educated, evacuation routes, emergency supplies stockpiled
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What happens if more people are in an area exposed to natural hazards?

Back

The greater the probability they will be affected

Card 3

Front

The better a population can cope with an extreme event, the lower the what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is labelled in the picture?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the inner core made out of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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