Genetics

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What is pangenesis?
Particles migrate from tissues to sperm and egg (PANGENE)
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What is the role of miRNA?
Promotes cell division
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What is Herceptin?
Drug for cancer treatment - prevents DIMER formation of Her2
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What do HER2 receptor proteins do?
Promote cell division when stimulated by DIMER formation
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What is preformationism?
Preformed homunculus in parent (ovism and spermism)
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What is epigenesis?
New organisms form from shapeless mass
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MAUPERTUIS
Ideas about heredity, cannot have infinite little people
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3 key features of an information storage molecule
Large capacity, faithful replication and encodes the pheonotype
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PAULING
Incorrect triple helix
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What is a centromere?
Where spindle attaches, gene poor
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What is a telomere?
Tips of chromosomes, stop shortening in replication
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Cell cycle order - MITOSIS
IPPMAT
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3 key checkpoints
G1/S for correct state, G2/M for successful replication, Spindle assembly
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MEIOSIS 1 order
MPLPMAT
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When does crossing over occur?
Late prophase of Meiosis 1
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MEIOSIS 2 order
PMAT
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What are the 3 origins of variation?
Crossing over, independent assortment and gamete fusion
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What is a TRANSITION?
Point mutation within a class (4)
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What is a TRANSVERSION?
Point mutation between classes (8)
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Human TS/TV ratio
2:1
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Depurination
Loss of a purine base = APURINIC site
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Deamination
Loss of amino group - common when C is methylated
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Oxygen free radicals impact
G --> compound that base pairs with A
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Deaminiation of methylcytosine
C --> T = COMMON
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Deamination of C
C --> U
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Types of CG-->TA mutations
Alkylating agents (EMS), Nitrous acid (deam,) and Hydroxyalamine
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What is a pyrimidine dimer?
2 T bases locked together - blocks replication (SOS system)
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What is an indel?
When you cannot tell if an insertion or a deletion has occured
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Indel rate
1/10 - 1/20 rate of point mutations
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What is anticipation?
Genetic trait becomes stronger or earlier from gen. to gen.
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What causes fragile-X?
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
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What is epistasis?
Where the impact a mutation has on fitness depends on the genetic background
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Intragenic supressor mutations
Missense mutation restored by a second mutation in the same gene
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Intergenic supressor mutations
Non-functional protein mutation - mutation in a diff. gene allows anticodon to pair to STOP
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Tandem duplication
Next to each other on same chromosome as a pose to displaced
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4 types of rearrangements
Duplication, deletion, inversion and translocation
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What do segmental duplications lead to
Deletions by unequal crossing over
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Paracentric inversion
Centromere unaffected
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Pericentric inversion
Centromere impacted
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Translocation
Movement between non-homologous chromosomes
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Robersonian translocation
Long arms of 2 acrocentric become joined to centromere, one big metocentric and one fragment
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Nullisomy
2n-2
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Monosomy
2n-1
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Trisomy
2n+1
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Tetrasomy
2n+2
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Polyploidy
More than 2 sets of chromosmes
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Autopolyploidy
All from same species
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Allopolyploidy
From 2 species
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Negative control
Repressor
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Positive control
Activator
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Contig
Set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus sequence of DNA
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Homologues
Evolutionairly related genes
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Orthologs
Homologous genes in diff. species that evolved from a common ancestor
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Paralogs
Homologous genes arising by duplication in the same organism
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Transcriptome
All RNA transcribed from a genome
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siRNA
Complementary pairing --> mRNA cleavage
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miRNA
Imperfect --> inhibition of translation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the role of miRNA?

Back

Promotes cell division

Card 3

Front

What is Herceptin?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What do HER2 receptor proteins do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is preformationism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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