Genetic diversity, Mutation, Meoisis

?
  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 31-01-18 16:15
What happens to chromosome at stage 1
chromosomes are arranged in (homologous) pairs, crossing over occurs, homologous pauir is arranged independentley
1 of 43
What happens to chrmosome at stage 2
Homologous chromosome pairs is separated and pulled at the centromere
2 of 43
Number of genetically different gametes: Cc,Bb, Dd
2x2x2= 8
3 of 43
How does natural selection happen
offspring has variation or mutation, theres selection pressure, organism with advantageous allele will survive to reproductive age so it can pass on the gene to offspring. Organism without the allele will die
4 of 43
How does organism become resistant
Mutation in receptor protein, enzyme is no longer comeplementary, therefore, they cannot bind
5 of 43
Name the 3 Processes that cause genetic variation
1) Crossing over 2) Independant assortment 3) Random fertilisation
6 of 43
What is random fertilisation
new combination of alleles
7 of 43
What is independent assortment
shuffling of maternal and paternal chromosomes / new combination
8 of 43
Whats the order of classification
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, gtenus, species
9 of 43
Define genetic diversity
Number of different alleles of each gene.
10 of 43
Why would the same organism but in differwent enviroment have a higher genetic variation
Because they have more allele in each gene
11 of 43
How should you carry out a breeding experiment
cross shrimps from 2 sites, observe for any mating, make sure they are isolated beforehand
12 of 43
How do biologist know the organisms are the same species
the same species should be able to breed
13 of 43
Explain how a very high diversity of bird species has developed in the Amazonian forest.
There was geographical isolation, so offspring had variation or muation, selection pressure killed off those who didn't have this allele, adapted organism survived and breed. This changes the allele frequency
14 of 43
Why is speciation far less frequent in some part of an enviroment
Because the enviroment still may be the same, biotic factors, same selection pressure, no isolation
15 of 43
Why pass the forceps through a Bunsen flame before and after each time she used them.
To sterilise it, to prevent contamination
16 of 43
What happens to the appearance of the agar plate after incubation when cultering bacterium
There is clear zone (area which is inhabitable for bacteria), antibiotic diffuse out of paper into agar, a bacteria would be resistant to antiabiotic
17 of 43
How does mutation spread
By interbreeding, migration, colonies split off
18 of 43
Type of FACTOR causes variation within a species
Genetic and enviromental
19 of 43
How does a deacrease in population of organism affect genetic diversity
Reduces the genetic diversity because theres a fewer genes
20 of 43
Define species
group of organisms with similar features, which can produce a fertile offspring
21 of 43
Definition of mutation
any changes to the quantity or base sequence of the dna of the organism
22 of 43
Define Chromosome mutation
• affects the large region of the DNA that is contained within the chromosome
23 of 43
Define Gene Mutation
Any changes to 1+ nucleotide base or changes in the sequence of the base in the DNA
24 of 43
Types of Gene mutation
Insertion, substitution, deletion
25 of 43
What happens in substitution of bases (gene mutation)
Nucleotide in DNA is replaced by another nucleotide that has a different base
26 of 43
what are the effects of substitution of bases
the different amino acid will be coded or there'll be a silent mutation
27 of 43
Why does a silent mutation occur
because the code is degenerate
28 of 43
What is a silent mutation
Where the change in base hasnt affect the triplet code, therefore, the same amino acid is coded. the polypeptide hasn't changed
29 of 43
What happens when the substitution of base changes the amino acid
The amino acid will change the primary sequence, therefore, bond will happen in different positions, thus, the tertiary structure will be different
30 of 43
Why will an enzyme become non-functional if the amino acid is different
The amino acid will change the primary sequence, therefore, bond will happen in different positions, thus, the tertiary structure will be different. The active site is different and isn't compelmentary to the substrate, thus, no E-S complexes
31 of 43
What happens in deletion of bases (gene mutation)
Nucleotide is lost from the normal DNA sequence, causing a frameshift, different amino acid is coded for
32 of 43
What occurs in insertion of bases (gene mutation)
Nucleotide is gained from the normal DNA sequence, causing a frameshift, different amino acid is coded for
33 of 43
Define frameshift
A genetic muation cause by deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read
34 of 43
Types of chromosome mutation
Chromosome deletion, inversion, duplication
35 of 43
Definition of Aneuploidy
The numeric change in PART of the chromosome set
36 of 43
Define Polypliod
The numeric change in the WHOLE set of chromosome
37 of 43
What is down syndrome (TRISOMY 21)
They have an abnormal number of chromosome in a cell [nondisjunctions of chromosome 21]
38 of 43
Definition of meiosis
Usually produces 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosome as the parent cell
39 of 43
Define homologous chromosome
2 chromosomes that carry the same gene but not the same allele of the gene
40 of 43
Define zygote
2 haploid gamete fuse together to promote variation
41 of 43
Difference between meiosis and mitosis
In meiosis, the sister chromatids don't separate in ANAPHASE 1
42 of 43
What are the types of variation
Continuous and discontinuous
43 of 43

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What happens to chrmosome at stage 2

Back

Homologous chromosome pairs is separated and pulled at the centromere

Card 3

Front

Number of genetically different gametes: Cc,Bb, Dd

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does natural selection happen

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How does organism become resistant

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all DNA, genetics and evolution resources »