Genetic Variation L1

Allele

Different Forms of a gene that occur at a single locus

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Gene Pool

All the genes in a population

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locus

Specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located

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Population

A group of individuals form the same species that interbreed

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Sexual Reproduction

Source of variation in the population - produces different phenotypes and genetic combinations

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Drift

Change in allele frequency

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Polymorphic loci

Any locus that has more than one allele present within a population

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Polymorphism

two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species

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Genetics

The study of Heredity

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Gene

Segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information

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Genetic Variation - populations

Variation of genoes between members of a species/ groups of species living in different areas/niches - result of genetic mutation

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Genetic Variation - molecular

diversity in a species as a result of new gene combinations (crossing over), genetic mutations and genetic drift

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Genome:

'all the genetic material in a cell/organism

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Why is genetic variation important?

Maintains Biodiversity ---- Evolution-survival of the fittest/best adapted --- pass on the gene pool to the next genetation

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Sources of genetic variation

Natural - Inter and Intra specific ------- Induced -Polyploidy, Mutagens and genetic engineering

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Intra-specific genetic Variation

All the genetic information available among all individuals within the species - maintained by random mating, different genes in different niche's and survival of the fittest- animals can be identified by different shell shape etc

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Inter-Specific Variation

Range of genetic information available between species that don't normally breed - hybrids e.g. mules

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Genetic Divergence

The separation of a populations gene pool from the gene pools of other populations due to mutation, genetic drift, and selection. Continued divergence can lead to speciation.

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Speciation

Evolution of a new species - when individuals can no longer mate and reproduce fertile offspring

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Polyploid

Organisms containing more than 2 pair set of chromosomes (Humans have 2 - diploid)

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Mutagen

Any agent causing a mutation - base insertion, deletion, substitution

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Genetic engineering

Manipulation of genes, often through recombination of dna

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Recombinant DNA

DNA sequences that result from the use of laboratory methods (molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in biological organisms

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Synonymous changes (protein)

nucleotide changes occur that do not change amino acid sequence- still code for the same, which means forms the same protein

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Non-Synonymous changes(Protein)

Changes in the nucleotide result in change of the amino acid sequence which as a result effect the protein

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Measuring genetic variation

can be measured at DNA or protein level - nucleotide strand up to entire thing

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Gel Electrophoresis

Process by which nucleic acids or proteins are separated on the basis of size and charge as they migrate through gel in an electric field

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Pattern on gel electrophoresis

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

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Genetic Variation L1

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