A different amino acid being added to the polypeptide chain, making a non-functioning protein, or a shorter polypeptide chain if it becomes a stop codon
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How can substitution mutation not affect the protein formed?
Because of DNAs degenerate nature, a different base sequence may still code for the same amino acid so the protein won't be affected
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What happens in deletion mutation?
One or more base is deleted in the DNA sequence
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How does deletion mutation affect the protein made?
Shifts the way the DNA is read (frame shift) so results in either a different protein or a non-functioning protein to be made
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What is one more type of mutation?
Addition
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How does a gene mutation cause the tertiary shape of a protein to differ?
Primary sequence determines tertiary shape, so if the amino acid sequence is different, so will the tertiary shape of the protein
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What is a mutagenic agent?
Something that increase the probability of a gene mutation occurring
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What are 3 mutagenic agents?
Radiation, chemicals and viruses
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Are mutations spontaneous or not?
Yes, they are spontaneous
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What increase the amount of mutations a person has?
Amount of exposure to mutagenic agents
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What is the definition of chance?
Possibility that something will happen
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What is probability and what is its scale?
Measure of how likely an event is to happen, scale 0-1
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what are the normal circumstances of a mutation happening?
Nearly 0
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What process does chromosome mutation come from?
Meiosis
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What is chromosome mutation?
When a daughter cell has more/less than normal amounts of chromosomes
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What happens in S phase of a cell that is really important in stopping gene mutations?
The cell checks itself
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What is cancer also known as and what does this mean?
Uncontrolled cell division, there is uncontrolled cell growth
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What is cancer also known as and what does this mean?
Uncontrolled cell division, there is uncontrolled cell growth
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Why does cancer have uncontrolled cell growth?
Normal cells stop growing when there is enough, cancerous cells have a mutation that makes them constantly go through mitosis so tumours form
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What do cancer treatments do?
Control rate of cel division, disrupt cell cycle and program cells to kill themselves (apoptosis)
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What are some bad things about chemotherapy?
Can't distinguish between cancerous cells and normal cells so kills alot of normal cells
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What makes chemotherapy still loosely target cancerous tumours?
Tumour cells divide more frequently so have more chance of killing them instead of healthy cells
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What cancer treatment is used in G1 and what does it do?
Chemotherapy, stops enzyme synthesis for DNA replication so can't enter S phase so cell is driven to death
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What cancer treatment is used in S phase and what does it do?
Radiation and drugs, damages DNA of cells
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What does the drug methotrexate do?
Blocks formation of nucleotides needed in S phase
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What does the drug vincristine do?
Prevents formation of spindle fibres needed in mitosis to separate chromosomes
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