A mutation to which gene increases the risk of breast cancer?
BRCA1 (a tumour suppressor gene)
1 of 17
Give 3 examples of the effects of translocation of bases
1) Change in phenotype 2) Certain cancers 3) Reduced fertility
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What is the typical rate of mutation?
1 or 2 new mutations per 100,000 genes per generation.
3 of 17
How do X - rays cause mutations? (2 ways)
1) Cause adjacent thymine bases to pair together 2) Produce free radicals which change the DNA base shape so DNA polymerase can no longer act on them.
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Which base does 5-bromouracil substitute for and which base can it pair with?
Substitutes for thymine and can pair with G instead of A.
5 of 17
Which type of mutation does benzopyrene cause?
Deletion
6 of 17
How do alkylating agents cause mutations?
Add an alkyl group to guanine, changing its structure so that it pairs with thymine.
7 of 17
Which gene do >50% of human cancers involve mutation of?
TP53 (tumour protein 53)
8 of 17
What are the 3 main theories of the link between oestrogen and breast cancer? *
1) Oestrogen stimulates breast cell division - increased chance of mutations. 2) Stimulates breast cell, and therefore breast tumour cell, division. 3) Introduces mutations directly into the DNA of certain breast cells.
9 of 17
Give 5 places where stem cells are found. *
Brain, skin, intestines, bone marrow, muscles.
10 of 17
At which stage of embryo growth are stem cells taken for use in medicine? *
8 cell stage.
11 of 17
When must all embryos be destroyed to prevent human cloning? *
14 days
12 of 17
Which drug treats skin cancer and how does it work?
ZELBORAF, inhibits B-RAF enzyme.
13 of 17
How does herceptin work in breast cancer treatment?
Binds to altered HER2 protein receptor and suppresses cell division & tumour growth.
14 of 17
Give an example of a drug that treats cancer caused by increased methylation of TSGs
Azacitidine - inhibits the methylation of these genes by physically blocking enzymes.
15 of 17
Give an example of a drug that treats cancer caused by decreased acetylation of histones on TSGs.
Romidepsin - inhibits HDAC activity, so histones are not deacetylated and TSGs can still be transcribed.
16 of 17
What are SNPs? *
Single nucleotide polymorphisms, Single - base variations associated with disease and other disorders.
17 of 17
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Give 3 examples of the effects of translocation of bases
Back
1) Change in phenotype 2) Certain cancers 3) Reduced fertility
Card 3
Front
What is the typical rate of mutation?
Back
Card 4
Front
How do X - rays cause mutations? (2 ways)
Back
Card 5
Front
Which base does 5-bromouracil substitute for and which base can it pair with?
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