Men use language to gain power. Women use language to achieve solidarity. Status v support. Independence v Intimacy. Understanding v advice. Information v feelings. Orders v proposals. Conflict v compromise. Competitive overlap v Cooperative overlap.
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Robin Lakoff
Women are more uncertain and indirect. Hedge - sort of. Super polite forms - would you mind. Tag q's - aren't you? Avoid expletives. Apologise more. Intensifiers. Modals. Intonational emphasis. Direct quotation. Special lexicon. Indirect commands.
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Deborah Cameron
Verbal hygene - Men and women face social expectations of their gender. Women have been instructed in feminine kinds of behaviour. Represents a symbolic attempt to impose order on the social world.
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Deficit Approach
Women's language is deficient compared to men's and lacks authority. Alternatives - Janet Holmes - Tag q's may be a way of maintaining discussion, not uncertainty. Sometimes males and females use the same things.
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Difference Approach
Same sex talk. Jennifer Coates - Female talk is cooperative. Jane Pilkington - Women use positive politeness strategies. Koenradd Kuiper - Men don't see the need to save face. Pamela Fishman - Women do the 'Interactional shitwork' and ask more q's.
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Dominance Approach
Male language is more forceful. Zimmerman and West - Men interrupt more than women in mixed sex talk. Men and women don't hold equal conversational rights. Power may influence language behavior as well as gender.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Women are more uncertain and indirect. Hedge - sort of. Super polite forms - would you mind. Tag q's - aren't you? Avoid expletives. Apologise more. Intensifiers. Modals. Intonational emphasis. Direct quotation. Special lexicon. Indirect commands.
Back
Robin Lakoff
Card 3
Front
Verbal hygene - Men and women face social expectations of their gender. Women have been instructed in feminine kinds of behaviour. Represents a symbolic attempt to impose order on the social world.
Back
Card 4
Front
Women's language is deficient compared to men's and lacks authority. Alternatives - Janet Holmes - Tag q's may be a way of maintaining discussion, not uncertainty. Sometimes males and females use the same things.
Back
Card 5
Front
Same sex talk. Jennifer Coates - Female talk is cooperative. Jane Pilkington - Women use positive politeness strategies. Koenradd Kuiper - Men don't see the need to save face. Pamela Fishman - Women do the 'Interactional shitwork' and ask more q's.
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