Gender Identity.

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Define Gender.
Gender is argued to be a social construct. It is something which is built through interaction and is how society identifies a person. eg, someone may be biologically a female but prefer to identify themselves as male.
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Define Sex.
Sex is the biological differences between females and males. eg. Differences in in chromosomes. Males XY chromosomes. Females: ** chromosomes.
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What did Talcott Parsons argue? (Functionalism)
According to Talcott Parsons (1955) gender roles are based on what males and females are biologically suited for. Males are instrumental and Females are Expressive.
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What does the term Instrumental mean.
Instrumental is the term which Parsons developed to describe men. He argued that men are biologically suited to be the breadwinner as they are physically stronger to work.
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What does the term Expressive mean?
Parsons developed the term Expressive to describe Women. He argued that they have biological characteristic which make them more suited to stay at home & look after children as they are more empathetic, caring and nurturing.
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What did Ann Oakley argue? (Feminism)
Oakley argued that gender identity is created through p socialisation. she argued that the family promotes gender identities.
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What are the 4 different ways which gender identity is created through primary socialisation according to Ann Oakley?
According to Oakley gender identity is created and maintained through the use of Manipulation, Canalistion, Verbal appelation and the use of different activities an individual does.
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What did Oakley mean by Manipulation?
Oakley argued that primary contacts encourage stereotypical behaviors that are male or female. For example males are encouraged to be tough and females are encouraged to be sensitive and caring.
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Define Canalistion.
Canalisation is the channeling of an individuals interests into gender stereotypical behaviors.For example males play Football and females do Ballet.
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What did Oakley mean by using the term 'Different Activities'?
Oakley argued that children are being encouraged to copy off the same gendered parent. for example Girls:use make up and play will baby dolls, Boys: Shaving and play with builders kits.
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Define Verbal appellation.
Oakley argued that family and parents use stereotypical gender nicknames to reinforce gender expectations, eg. tough solider for boys and little flower for girls.
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How are Gender identities reinforced through secondary socialisation.
Gender identities are maintained and reinforced through S.S the media, religion, education and employment all have different expectations from the Men and Women. eg. Men wear suits and can be priests. Women wear dresses, makeup and cant be priests.
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What do some people argue has happened to society?
Some sociologists argue that societies have become postmodern as they have developed from modern to postmodern and due to this there has resulted in changes to gender identity.
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What did Lyotard argue?
Lyotard argued that in postmodern societies individuals have more freedom and independence which means social controls do not have the same influence on their gender identity.
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What did Jackson argue?
In 2006 Jackson argued that there had been a rise of the 'ladette' as an increasing number of girls are rejecting the stereotypical behaviours associated with females.
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What behaviours did Jackson find females were increasingly taking part in?
Jackson argued that there was increased drinking, swearing and aggressive behaviour from women. This is supported by the increase in the number of women who had been arrested between 2005-10 in the UK which had risen by 6%.
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What did Connel argue?
Connel argued that there are a range of masculine identities available now in a postmodern society.
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What were the different types of masculinities that Connel proposed?
Connel argues that there was 3 types of masculities to choose from, Hegemonic masculinity, Subordinate masculinity and Marginalised masculinity.
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Define Hegemonic masculinity.
this type of masculinity is associated with males which are macho, dominant, aggressive and the breadwinners by Connel and he argues it is the most common masculinity and is strongly reinforced by society.
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Define Subordinate masculinity.
This type of masculinity is linked to homosexual males by Connel.
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Define Maraganilised masculinity.
Marganalised masculinity is linked to unemployed men by Connel.
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What did Mac and Ghaill argue?
Mac and Ghail argued that there had been a change in male identity and a 'crisis in masculinity'.
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Why did mac and gahill use the term 'crisis of masculinity'?
They used the term 'crisis of masculinity' to describe the insecurity working -class men felt in a postmodern society they argued.
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Why did Mac and Gahill belive that Working-class men felt insecure about their masculinity?
They argue that as there had been a loss of the 'breadwinner' identity due to the decline in traditional male industries such as mining, steel works and shipbuilding that working-class men are unable to achieve their masculinity so are insecure.
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What did Canaan do?
Canaan researched working-class men in Wolverhampton. She asked unemployed and employed men their views on the most important thing about being a man, she got different answers about what both groups though was important about masculinity.
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What did Canaans research find?
Cannaan found that employed males gave predictable answers,fighting, drinking and sexual conquests as being important masculine traits. Unemployed men believed having a job was the most important aspect of masculinity & felt emasculated being jobless
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Sex.

Back

Sex is the biological differences between females and males. eg. Differences in in chromosomes. Males XY chromosomes. Females: ** chromosomes.

Card 3

Front

What did Talcott Parsons argue? (Functionalism)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the term Instrumental mean.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the term Expressive mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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