Gender Constancy Theory

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Kohlberg's theory is drawn on Piaget's idea that the way we think ------- as we get older because of physical changes in the brain.
Changes
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The brain becomes capable of complicated & abstracts thoughts - means changes in gender thinking are solely the outcome of age-related changes in a child's --------- capabilities.
Cognitive
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Development occurs in ------ (it's called stage theory).
Stages
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Children naturally progress from one stage to the next as their way of thinking matures (this progression through the stages is a ------- process, not a sudden one).
Gradual
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Stage 1 = gender --------- & occurs between the ages of 2 and 3.
Labelling
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Gender labelling = children label themselves and others as a boy/girl, man/woman (this label is based on outward ---------- like hair & clothes) - label will change as appearance changes.
Appearance
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By the end of stage 1 children can label others & themselves as either boy or girl - a child's way of thinking at this stage has been described by Piaget as -------------- (lacks internal logic - superficial logic but isn't internally consistent).
Pre-operational
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Stage 2 = gender --------- & occurs around the age of 4.
Stability
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Gender stability = children recognise gender is something that's ---------- over time, boys become men & girls become women - thus their gender concept is stable but not yet consistent (still think m's might become f's if they engage in f activities)
Consistent
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Children under the age of 7 are still swayed by outward appearances - an example of Piaget's concept of ------------.
Conservation
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In terms of gender, children around 7 believe that a person must be a ---- if they wear a dress (if they appear to be female then they must be) - they lack the ability to conserve.
Girl
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Who found that when young children were shown a line drawing of a doll where male genitals were visible through the dress, those under 5 judged the doll to be a girl due to the external appearance despite the contrary evidence?
McConaghy
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Stage 3 = gender ----------- & occurs around the age of 6.
Consistency
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Gender consistency = children come to realise that gender's consistent across situations - thus they've now developed full gender --------- (across time & situations).
Constancy
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The key feature of stage 3 is that it's at this point, when a child's acquired gender constancy, that they start to learn about gender appropriate --------- (up until now it didn't seem relevant as the child still believed their gender may change).
Behaviour
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Who found 2 year olds were 76% correct in identifying there sex, whereas 3 year olds were 90% correct? Shows an increasing ability to label themselves, as predicted by Kohlberg.
Thompson
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Who asked young children 'were you a little boy or girl when you were a baby?' & 'when you grow up will you be a mummy or daddy?'? Answers given by children showed they didn't recognise these traits were stable over time until they were 3/4 years old
Slaby and Frey
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Who asked children 'if you played football would you be a boy or girl?' & 'could you be a boy/girl if you wanted to be?'? Children who scored high on stability & consistency showed greatest interest in same sex models (gender appropriate)
Slaby and Frey
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Who found that gender constancy appeared at a younger age than Kohlberg suggested?
Slaby and Frey
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Who found that boys tended to exhibit gender consistency before girls?
Slaby and Frey
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Who points out that it's fairly easy to get girls to take on masculine-type activities but the same can't be said for boys who generally resist, for example, dressing as a girl?
Huston
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Gender difference can be explained by social learning theory. Boys role models tend to be more powerful (men have more power) & role models need to be powerful to identify with - thus girls are ---- likely to identify with their role models.
Less
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Boys are more likely to be -------- for gender inappropriate behaviour than girls and therefore learn appropriate gender behaviour more rapidly.
Punished
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Who's criticised the way children's gender constancy is measured & claims all that's being assessed is a child's understanding of our social cues for indicating gender?
Bem
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Who analysed children's responses to the questions asked by Slaby & Frey & judged that children were adopting a 'pretend' mode & answering the questions based on this rather than what they really thought?
Martin and Halverson
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Gender ----- theory suggests that children can acquire info about gender-appropriate behaviours before gender constancy is achieved & Martin & Little have evidence to support this.
Schema
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IDA - Cognitive developmental theory is only 1 -------, there' also biological & social.
Approach
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The brain becomes capable of complicated & abstracts thoughts - means changes in gender thinking are solely the outcome of age-related changes in a child's --------- capabilities.

Back

Cognitive

Card 3

Front

Development occurs in ------ (it's called stage theory).

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Children naturally progress from one stage to the next as their way of thinking matures (this progression through the stages is a ------- process, not a sudden one).

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Stage 1 = gender --------- & occurs between the ages of 2 and 3.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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