theories

?
Lakoff
DEFICIT- the theory that the male way of speaking is the normative and the female departs from the norm. claims women’s language suggests confidence.
1 of 30
Zimmerman and West
DOMMINANCE- recorded all interruptions made in one conversation which he found 97% were made by men.
2 of 30
Deborah Tannen
DIFFERENCE- mixed gender communication. She explained “male-female miscommunication” by claiming male-female speech is “cross-cultural communication”
3 of 30
Janet Holmes
CONFLICT with DEFICIT- tag questions are not a sign of uncertainty but a sign of politeness helping keep the conversation going.
4 of 30
Jane Mills
CONFLICT with DEFICIT- sees feminine styles of speech as a mechanism of social control. This meant that women try to be “nice” and “lady-like” and carefully monitor their behaviour to ensure that it was appropriate.
5 of 30
Dale Spencer
DOMINANCE- she identifies power with male patriarchal order in society. She states that language embodies structure which sustains male power.
6 of 30
Geoffrey Beattie
CONFLICT with DOMINANCE- interruptions are not always reflective of dominance. They often reject interest and support.
7 of 30
O’Barr and Atkins
CONFLICT with DEFICIT- claimed that women’s language was used equally as much by men and that it indicated a lack of power rather than gender in the courtroom.
8 of 30
Jennifer Coates
DIFFERENCE- Girls and boys tend to belong to same-sex friendship groups when growing up and subsequently level up different styles of speaking.
9 of 30
Koenraad Kuiper
DIFFERENCE- men pay less regard to the need to save face and use insults in a way of expressing solidarity.
10 of 30
Jane Pilkington
DIFFERENCE- women in same-sex conversations were collaborative and used positive politeness strategies. She found that men’s same-sex conversations were a lot less collaborative, complimentary and less supportive.
11 of 30
Jenny Cheshire
DIFFERENCE- she found that boys used the non-standard forms, more frequently than girls did. She concluded variation is controlled both by social and linguistic factors.
12 of 30
Pamela Fishman
DIFFERENCE- said that although women use tag questions more, they are not used due to uncertainty but to sustain conversation as men are reluctant to do the ‘**** work’
13 of 30
Drew and Heritage
Talk at work- key differences between everyday conversations and workplace talk.
14 of 30
George Yule
Speech is a form of social identity and indicates social groups or speech communities
15 of 30
Zdenek Salzmann
Most members of society belong to several speech communities. Members of the same speech communities share enough characteristics of pronunciation and grammar
16 of 30
Hewings and Hewings
Discourse communities- a group of people who share a +certain language, using practices.
17 of 30
John Swales
Discourse communities- groups of people that have similar goals or purposes and use language to achieve them.
18 of 30
Lakoff
Politeness principle- giving options to other participants.
19 of 30
Fairclough
Instrumental power- enforces authority and is imposed by laws, state, conventions and organisations.
20 of 30
Giles
Argues that ‘when people interact they adjust their speech, their vocal patterns and their gestures to accommodate to others”
21 of 30
Thornborrow
Language establishes identity
22 of 30
Labov
Marthas vineyard
23 of 30
Crystal
Celebrity cultures influence our speech- so Brad Pitt
24 of 30
Gary Ives
Two case studies in London + Bradford. In each study one participant was questioned and subsequently disused their language and used their dialect
25 of 30
Jenny Cheshire and Viv Edwards
Found that people used ‘them’ as a demonstrative adjective- ‘them ones’
26 of 30
Trugill
Speakers of RP are perceived as naughty and rude
27 of 30
Thomas Pear
People have different perspectives of others based on their accents
28 of 30
Giles
Judge people by their accents- dressed people up
29 of 30
Choy and Dodd
Teachers made judgements on student’s ability and personality based on the way they speak
30 of 30

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

DOMMINANCE- recorded all interruptions made in one conversation which he found 97% were made by men.

Back

Zimmerman and West

Card 3

Front

DIFFERENCE- mixed gender communication. She explained “male-female miscommunication” by claiming male-female speech is “cross-cultural communication”

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

CONFLICT with DEFICIT- tag questions are not a sign of uncertainty but a sign of politeness helping keep the conversation going.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

CONFLICT with DEFICIT- sees feminine styles of speech as a mechanism of social control. This meant that women try to be “nice” and “lady-like” and carefully monitor their behaviour to ensure that it was appropriate.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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