HIGH
Particles are packed closely together in regular rows. They are constantly vibrating, but they cannot move out of their fixed positions.
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Density of LIQUIDS
MEDIUM
Particles are close enough to attract but further apart than in a solid so that they are no longer in a fixed position. The particles are free to move about and have more kinetic energy than in a solid.
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Density of GASES
LOW
Particles are too far apart to attract each other. They move randomly at high speed and have more kinetic energy than those in a liquid.
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When substances change state...
...mass is conserved.
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change of state
a physical change in which the material recovers its original properties if reversed, unlike a chemical change
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internal energy
the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system
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Heating increases the energy stored within a system,...
...EITHER raising the temperature of the system OR producing a change of state.
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The temperature increase of a system depends on...
...the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and the energy input to the system.
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change in thermal energy EQUATION
mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
∆E = m c ∆θ
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ΔE
change in thermal energy (joules, J)
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m
mass (kilograms, kg)
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c
specific heat capacity (joules per kilogram per degree Celsius, J/kg °C)
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Δθ
temperature change (degrees Celsius, °C)
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specific heat capacity
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius
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latent heat
the energy needed for a substance to change state
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When a change of state occurs...
...the energy supplied changes the internal energy.
...the temperature does not change.
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specific latent heat
the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of a substance with no change in temperature
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energy for a change of state EQUATION
mass × specific latent heat
E = m L
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E
energy for a change of state (joules, J)
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m
mass (kilograms, kg)
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L
specific latent heat (joules per kilogram, J/kg)
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specific latent heat of fusion
the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of a substance from solid to liquid with no change in temperature
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specific latent heat of vaporisation
the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of a substance from liquid to vapour with no change in temperature
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Temperature of a gas is related to...
...the average kinetic energy of molecules.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
density (kilograms per metre cubed, kg/m³)
Back
ρ
Card 3
Front
mass (kilograms, kg)
Back
Card 4
Front
volume (metres cubed, m³)
Back
Card 5
Front
HIGH
Particles are packed closely together in regular rows. They are constantly vibrating, but they cannot move out of their fixed positions.
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