GCSE Biology B1 Keywords

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  • Created by: GSidhu
  • Created on: 06-09-18 18:46
Cell functions
What the cell does
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Cell membrane
A selective barrier to molecules which controls substances that enter and leave the cell
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Cellular respiration
A chemical reaction which releases energy from organic molecules (such as glucose)
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Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplast which absorbs sunlight
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Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis happens in the cell
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Chromosome
A single strand of DNA
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Cover slip
A thin piece of glass used to cover a specimen on a microscope slide
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Electron microscopy
Equipment which uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen
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Enzymes
Proteins which are biological catalysts, they speed up the rate of reactions in cells
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Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleas
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Genetic material
DNA controls the cell function
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Genome
All the genetic material inside a cell
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Graticule
A scale placed inside the eye piece of a microscope which can be used to measure specimens using eye piece units. These need to be calibrated
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Lamp
Light source in a light microscope
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Lens
The part of the microscope which focuses and magnifies (made of glass in a light microscope and magnets in an electron microscope)
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Magnification
How much an object is enlarged by/scale of enlargement
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Receptor molecules
Found in cell membranes which bind to specific molecules resulting in a change in cell function
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Resolution
Shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished
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SEM (Scanning electron microscopy)
A microscope which uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen it allows scientists to see the surface of biological specimens
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Slides
A piece of glass used to mount a specimen to view using a light microscope
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Stage
The part of the light microscope which hold the slide so you can view the specimen
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Staining
Used to make it easier to see specific structures or the position the biological molecules within the cell
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Sub-cellular structures
Parts found inside the cell such as mitochondria and nucleus. Also known as organelles
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TEM (Transmission electron microscope)
A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen. This type of electron microscope looks at sections of biological specimens.
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Active site
The part of the enzyme molecule where the substrate binds. The active site gives the enzyme its specificity
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Active transport
The movement of molecules across a membrane moving from low concentration to high concentration that needs energy
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Amino acid
Make proteins. The repeating unit/monomer in a protein
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Amylase
An enzyme which breaks down starch into maltose
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Complementary bases
DNA which always bind to each other e.g. A-T and G-C
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Denature
A change in protein shape caused by a change in temperature or pH
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DNA
A large polymer found in the nucleas. It has a double helix shape
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DNA sequence
The order of the bases on a strand of DNA: ATGCCCCATTTAACG. This could be a DNA sequence
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Enzyme concentration
The quantity of enzyme in a solution
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Enzyme specificity
Enzymes can only bind to the one substrate because of the shape of the active site
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Iodine
The test for starch. Iodine turns blue-black in the presence of starch
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Lock and key hypothesis
A scientific model to explain how the enzyme and substrate bind together because of the shape of the active site
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Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism
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Nucleotide
The repeating unit of the DNA molecule made of a phosphate, sugar and DNA base
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Optimum
E.g. optimum pH or optimum temperature, the point at which enzyme activity is at it's highest
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pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is
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Polymer
A large chain molecule made up of repeating units. DNA is a polymer and so are proteins
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Protein
A polymer made up of amino acids which have a range of uses in cells including enzymes and structural components. Proteins are needed for growth and repair
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Protein synthesis
Making proteins from amino acids. It has two components translation and transcription
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Rate
The speed at which a reaction occurs
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Starch
Used to store energy in plants. It is a polymer of glucose and is insoluble
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Substrate
The reactant in an enzyme reaction, it fits into the active site of an enzyme
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Temperature
A measure of the amount of kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance
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Transcription
The copying of the DNA sequence of a gene into mRNA, this occurs in the nucleas
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Translation
The synthesis of proteins from amino acids using the mRNA sequence which occurs in the ribosomes
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Triplet code
A group of 3 bases in the DNA sequence which code for a particular amino acid. This is also called a codon. TAC are the three bases in DNA which code for the amino acid MET
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Aerobic respiration
A chemical reaction that takes place in all living cells to release energy in the presence of oxygen. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2
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Amino acids
Make proteins. They are the monomer or repeating units in a protein
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Anaerobic respiration
Respiration that occurs without oxygen which makes lactic acid
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Benedict's test
A chemical test for glucose. If glucose is present, the solution changes from blue to brick red
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Biuret's test
A chemical test for proteins. If proteins are present, the solution changes from blue to lilac
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Breakdown
Changing a large molecule into two or more similar molecules
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Carbohydrase
An enzyme which breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
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Carbohydrates
Polymer made of simple sugar repeats e.g. cellulose, starch, and glycogen
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Cellular respiration
A chemical reaction which releases energy from molecules such as glucose
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Exothermic reaction
A reaction which releases energy to the surroundings. Respiration is an example.
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Fatty acids
Fats and lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol
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Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration where one of the products is ethanol. C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
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Fungi
A kingdom of living things which are characterised by having chitin in their cell walls
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Glycerol
A component of fats and lipids along with fatty acids
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Lipase
An enzyme that breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol
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Lipids
Large molecules made up of smaller units of fatty acids and glycerol
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Products
The substances made in a chemical reaction
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Protease
An enzyme which breaks down proteins to amino acids
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Proteins
A polymer made of amino acids which have a range of uses in cells including enzymes and structural components
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Relative yields of ATP
Aerobic respiration releases 19 times more energy than anaerobic respiration from the same amount of glucose
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Substrates
The reactants in an enzyme catalysed reaction which fit into an enzymes active site
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Sugars
The repeating units of carbohydrates
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Synthesis
Joining molecules together. For example, amino acids are joined together to form proteins during protein synthesis
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Biomass
The total quantity of organisms in a given area or volume
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Carbohydrates
Chemicals made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates can store energy
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Carbon dioxide
A gas which has molecules made up of a carbon and two oxygen atoms that are bonded together
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Cellulose
A polymer of glucose found in the cell wall of plants
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Concentration
The number of molecules in a given volume of a substance
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Endothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that requires energy from the surroundings for it to take place. Photosynthesis is an example
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Light intensity
The amount of energy transmitted. It is a limiting factor for photosynthesis
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Limiting factors for photosynthesis
A factor present in an environment that effects the rate of photosynthesis
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Mesophyll cells
Cells that are capable of photosynthesis. For example, the spongy mesophyll cells and the palisade cells
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Photosynthesis
A chemical reaction that produces glucose. 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Temperature
A measure of the amount of kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance
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Two stage process
A process that has two main stages to form it's final products. For example, in photosynthesis, water is split to produce hydrogen ions and oxygen molecules, then the hydrogen ions combine with carbon dioxide to produce glucose
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Vein
A network of vascular bundles made up of xylem and phloem, which transports materials in and out of the leaf
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A selective barrier to molecules which controls substances that enter and leave the cell

Back

Cell membrane

Card 3

Front

A chemical reaction which releases energy from organic molecules (such as glucose)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A green pigment found in the chloroplast which absorbs sunlight

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where photosynthesis happens in the cell

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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