GAS EXCHANGE

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  • Created by: Chloe
  • Created on: 01-02-17 20:11
What is an exchange surface?
It is a surface which is adapted to make it easier for molecules to diffuse across a surface.
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What are the key exchange surfaces?
Gills, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, intestine, root hair cells and stomata.
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How to calculate surface area:volume ratio?
Surface area divided by volume.
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How do you calculate the surface area of a sphere?
4 x pi x radius-squared
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How do you calculate the volume of a sphere?
4/3 x pi x radius-cubed
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What makes the perfect exchange surface?
Large surface area, thin barrier for diffusion (short diffusion pathway), to maintain a high diffusion gradient and a high blood supply.
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What are elastic fibres?
They help to dilate the airway. They recoil when smooth muscle relaxes.
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What is cartilage tissue?
It provides structural support for the trachea and bronchi to prevent collapse when air pressure is low. Cartilage is flexible since it is not a complete ring.
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What is muscle tissue?
Contracts to make lumen narrow as it constricts airways. This is beneficial because it can restrict airflow, this is important when harmful substances are in the air.
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What are goblet cells/glandular tissue?
They secrete mucus to trap particles such as bacteria.
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What is ciliated epithelium?
They are tiny cells with cilia. They waft to move mucus.
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What is the process of inhalation?
1. Diaphragm moves down (contracts). 2. Intercostal muscles contract. 3. Ribcage moves up and out. 4. Lung volume increases. 5. Lung pressure decreases. 6. This forces air into the lungs. Inhaling is an active process.
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What is the process of exhalation?
1. Diaphragm moves up (relaxes). 2. Intercostal muscles relax. 3. Ribcage moves back and down. 4. Lung volume decreases. 5. Pressure inside the lungs increases. 6. This forces air out of the lungs. It is a passive process.
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What does TV mean?
Its tidal volume. This is the normal volume of air inhaled and exhaled.
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What does VC mean?
Vital capacity. It is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Does not include residual volume.
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What does RV mean?
It is the residual volume. It is the volume of air that remains after exhalation. It cannot be removed. If it did, the lung tissue would stick together and a lot of energy would be required to separate them.
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What does IRV mean?
It is the inspiratory reserve volume. This is the amount of air inhaled above normal
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What does ERV mean?
It is the expiratory reserve volume. This is the amount of air exhaled above the tidal volume.
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What does TLC mean?
It is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.
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How is the nasal cavity adapted?
Has a good blood supply. Contains cilia which move the mucus produced by the goblet cells to trap bacteria. Has a high surface area due to cilia. Also has moist surfaces to increase humidity to reduce evaporation.
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How is the trachea adapted for gas exchange?
Carries warm, clean air into the chest. Lined with ciliated epithelium. Contains cartilage. Mucus traps bacteria. Cigarette smoke prevents cilia moving.
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How is the bronchus adapted?
Similar structure to trachea. Has smaller incomplete cartilage rings than the trachea.
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How are the bronchioles adapted?
They are the division of the main bronchus. They have no cartilage. Made of smooth muscle. They vary the volume of air reaching the lungs. Lined with epithelium.
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How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Small air sacs made of epithelial cells, collagen and elastic fibres. Elastic fibres allow alveoli to stretch. They squeeze out air when they return to their original size.
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What is a spirometer?
It is used to measure breathing. The main components are the air chamber and the kymograph.
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Function of the air chamber
Floats on top of water. It rises and falls as a person inhales and exhales.
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Kymograph
A trace is produced on the kymograph as the air chamber moves up and down.
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Why shouldn't a spirometer be used for a long period of time?
Carbon dioxide levels build up. This can be fatal. In order to reduce the levels of CO2, soda lime is used to absorb it.
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What is a peak flow meter?
It measures vital capacity. This is the maximum volume of expiration and inspiration.
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What is a vitalograph?
It is a digital spirometer and produces a graph.
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How to calculate the rate of oxygen consumption.
Amount of oxygen consumed/time
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How to calculate breathing rate
Number of breaths x 60 / number of seconds.
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What is the process of human ventilation?
Air passes through naval cavity/mouth. Travels down trachea. From the trachea to the branches, From the bronchus to the bronchioles. From the bronchioles to the alveoli.
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What is the function of the pleural membrane?
Thin layer of film which lubricates the surface of the ribs to prevent them from rubbing against the lungs.
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Adaptions of insects for gas exchange.
Oxygen is delivered straight to the lungs. They have tracheoles which increase the surface area for diffusion. They have sphincters which open and close to reduce water loss but still allow gas exchange.
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What is the process for gas exchange in insects?
Air enters the spiracles. From the spiracles to the tracheae. Tracheae is impermeable due to lining of chitin. This means no gas exchange occurs here. From the tracheae to tracheoles. They are permeable so gas exchange can occur here.
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What do the spiracles do?
They open and close depending on what the insect is doing.
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What is the gas exchange mechanism in a fish?
They have gills which increase the surface area for diffusion. Increase surface area to volume ratio. Also gill filaments have lamellae which increase surface area but maintain a short diffusion pathway. Also have a countercurrent flow mechanism.
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What is countercurrent flow?
Water and blood flow in opposite directions to maintain a steep concentration gradient.
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What is the process of fish gas exchange?
Mouth opens. Buccal cavity floor is lowered. Increases volume but decreases the pressure. Water rushes into mouth. Opercular cavity expands. Buccal cavity floor raised. Pressure increases. Water moves from buccal cavity over gills.
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Part 2
Mouth closes. Operculum opens. Side of opercular cavity moves inwards, increasing the pressure. Water rushes out of the fish through the operculum
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the key exchange surfaces?

Back

Gills, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, intestine, root hair cells and stomata.

Card 3

Front

How to calculate surface area:volume ratio?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How do you calculate the surface area of a sphere?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How do you calculate the volume of a sphere?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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