G2- coastal landscapes and change 1

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coast definition
land adjacent to the sea and often heavily populated and urbanised
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the littoral zone definition
the wider coastal zone, including coastal land areas and shallow parts of the sea just offshore. consists of back shore, foreshore, nearshore and offshore. a dynamic zone of rapid change
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backshore zone
the upper beach closest to the land, above the high tide mark.
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foreshore
inter-tidal zone, area where wave processes occur between high water mark and low water mark
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nearshore
the area between the low water mark and the breakpoint bar
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offshore
area beyond the point where waves influence/impact. the open sea
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coastal inputs
MARINE-waves, tides, storm surges, rivers. ATMOSPHERIC- weather/climate, climate change, solar energy. LAND-rock type, structure, tectonic activity. PEOPLE- human activity, coastal management
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coastal processes/transfers-
weathering. mass movement. erosion. transportation. deposition
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coastal outputs
erosional dandfrosm, depositional landforms, different types of coast
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factors that determine the shape, from and appearance of coastline
wave size, frequency. local sea currents. longshore drift. tides. depth of water offshore. rock type and structure. sub Ariel processes (weathering, mass movement). climate and weather. long term sea level change (isostatic/eustatic). fetch
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rocky coasts
resistant coastlines - can withstand erosive forces of sea, rain and wind in often high energy environments. rate of erosion> rate of deposition. erosional landforms (caves, arches, cliffs, wave cut platforms, headlands, bays. destructive waves
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coastal plain landscapes
sandy and estuarine coastlines, areas of low relief - low energy environments where waves are less powerful or where the coast is sheltered. rate of deposition> rate of erosion. depositional landforms (beaches, spits, tombolos). constructive waves
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concordant coastlines
band of alternating rock types are parallel to the sea. form Dalmatian and Haff type coasts.
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discordant coastlines
bands of alternating rock types run perpendicular to the sea. form headlands and bays
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classifying coasts
GEOLOGY- rocky, sandy. estuarine, concordant, discordant. ENERGY- high/low energy. BALANCE between erosion and deposition- types of landforms created. CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL- emergent or submerging coasts
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spits
longshore drift transports sand and shingle past the bend in a coastline and deposits it to sea, strong winds curve the spit
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bars
when a spit joins two headlands together, cutting off the sea from the water trapped between the bar and the coastline - forming a lagoon
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tombolo
a spit connected to the mainland eg chesil beach
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cuspate forelands
created by longshore drift where sand and shingle deposition extends outward from the shoreline in a triangular shape
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lithology definition
the geological structure including rock type, strata, bedding planes, joints/cracks, folds, faults. dips
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weathering
the break up of rock in situ - mechanical/ chemical/ biological
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morphology
the shape of a coastal landscape, influenced by geological structure
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dalmation coastlines
on a concordant coastline - when geology creates valleys parallel to the coastline and sea level rise causes these valleys to become elongated islands EG CROATIAN DALMATIAN COAST
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haff coastlines
on a concordant coastline - geology creates sandy strips that run parallel to the coastline
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igneous rock
very slow erosion rates, interlocking crystals and strong bonds to break, eg basalt/granite
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metamorphic rock
slow erosion rate, crystals but all aligned in the same direction meaning the bonds are easier to break than igneous eg slate/marble
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sedimentary rock
fast erosion rate, lots of fractures and bedding planes make them weak and vulnerable to fast erosion eg limestone
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how lithology affects resistance
mineral composition (reactive/not reactive chemicals). rock type (igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary/unconsolidated). structure (faults/pourous/permeable)
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sand dunes
vegetation is an important part of stabilising sandy coastlines - starts w embryo dune (smallest, least vegetation). foredunes, wasting dunes w blowouts, grey dunes.. dune slacks (depressions within dunes where conditions are often damp)
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salt marshes
estuarine coastlines. coastal accretion raises tidal flat so it is only covered during spring tides. small amount of vegetation - builds up at an increasing rate allowing more plants and animals to colonise the salt marsh
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the littoral zone definition

Back

the wider coastal zone, including coastal land areas and shallow parts of the sea just offshore. consists of back shore, foreshore, nearshore and offshore. a dynamic zone of rapid change

Card 3

Front

backshore zone

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

foreshore

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

nearshore

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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