role allocation theory, biological differences, human capital theory
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what is meant by role allocation theory?
allocating the right people for jobs
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who tend to train for longer, work longer hours and have more people dependent on them within their role in the job market?
men
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why should men be allocated more pay?
in order to keep them motivated and to reflect the difficulty of their positions
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what types of positions to women tend to choose?
less functionally unique and therefore shouldn't be rewarded as highly.
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what percentage of women choose to work part time?
40%
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why would they be allocated less pay?
as it reflects their contribution to society
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why is being a full time parent far from being functionally unique?
as most women carry out this role at some point, hence it is not necessary to reward mothering with high rewards
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how would feminists criticise functionalist views?
see it as a way of justifying inequality and a patriachal labour market where women cluster in lower paid occupations and are concentrated in the lower levels of better paid occupations
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how do marxist feminsts criticse functionalist views?
beleive that women face strucutral constraints within the labour market and are used as a reserve army of labour, only being allowed access to the top jobs when men are in short supply
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how do liberal feminists criticise functionalist views?
women do not choose to work less but are constrained by weak legislation that fails to protect them from discriminatory employment practices
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how would some radical feminists criticise functionalist views?
parenting is one of the most important roles hence full time mothers should be highly paid, and this role given higher status
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what did Catherine Hakim (post feminist) suggest?
in support of functionalist ideas- research showed that women make different choices to men in the labour market and this is an expression of their free will rather than any structural constraints
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who developed the idea of biological differences?
parsons
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what is meant by biological differences?
there is a biological basis for differences between men and women. there is certain distinctive behaviour that is 'natural' for men and women that leads them to adopt different roles within society
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true or false? men and women are socialised into different roles
true
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from a functionalist perspective what is socialisation actually doing?
shaping tendencies in men and women that are innate
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why did parsons feel that separate gender roles for men and women were helpful to societies?
women were more suited to what he called expressive role-caring and emotions-while men were the ideal candidates for instrumental roles, those that required qualities of competition, aggression and achievement
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what does this view imply?
men are more suited to paid employment, women to domesticity.
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what are the implications of parsons view?
women will be less motivated and less suited to the labour market than men. therefore it is not surprising that they will, on average, be paid less
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how can the pay gap be justified?
reflects the fact that men have greater orientation to paid work. women are more likely to take career breaks and opt for part time work in order to continue to care for their families. however men will be able to build up their skills+qualifications
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how do feminists criticise parsons?
see gender differences in motivation as the result of gendered socialisation through the family, education, the media and peer, rather than the functionalist view that they are 'natural'
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what does sommerville argue?
it is important to introduce new policies to help working parents. the working hours and the culture of many jobs are incompatible with family life. many jobs are based on the idea of the male breadwinner who relies upon a non working wife-sc idea
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who developed the human capital theory?
rastogi
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what does rastogi argue?
women's wages and earnings are less than men because companies are less likely to invest in women's training due to the expectation that women are less committed to paid employment than men
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why is their lower income justified?
they end up with fewer skills and therefore have less human capital
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how can this theory be criticised?
for suggesting that such disparities are functional and justifiable
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what do feminists argue?
this is not functional for women, many of whom would love to be offered the same investment in their training as men
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what does the human capital theory fail to take into account?
the recent changes in the labour market, which many agree has become 'feminised' meaning that women's talents are required and nurtured to a much greater extent. this means that human capital theory may be out of date
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what is meant by role allocation theory?
Back
allocating the right people for jobs
Card 3
Front
who tend to train for longer, work longer hours and have more people dependent on them within their role in the job market?
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