forensics ; psychological explanations ; cognitive explanations

?
LEVEL OF MORAL RESONING
DFDFG
1 of 83
who was first to apply this concept to criminal behaviour?
kohlberg
2 of 83
he proposed people's decisions and judgements on issues of right and wrong can be summarised in?
stage theory of moral development
3 of 83
the higher the stage?
the more sophisticated the reasoning
4 of 83
kohlberg based theory on people's responses to?
moral dilemma
5 of 83
many studies have suggested criminals tend to show?
lower level of moral reasoning
6 of 83
kohlberg used moral dilemma technique and found what about group of violent youths?
significantly lower in moral development than non-violent
7 of 83
even after controlling for?
social background
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- kohlberg's model and criminality
dgdg
9 of 83
criminal offenders more likely to be classified @ what level?
pre-conventional
10 of 83
whereas non-criminals progressed to?
conventional level +
11 of 83
preconventional level is characterised by?
need to avoid punishment and get rewards
12 of 83
associatied with what reasoning?
less mature and childlike
13 of 83
thus what will happen to adults at this level?
may commit crime if they can get away with it / gain rewards
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assumption supported by studies that suggest what about offenders?
more egocentric / poorer social perspective-taking skills
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individuals who reason at higher levels tend to do what more?
sympathise with rights of others / more conventional behavours like honesty / generosity . non-violence
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- cognitive distortions
dfgfg
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what are they?
errors / biases in people's information processing system characterised by faulty thinking
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we all occasionally show evidence of them when doing what?
explaining own behaviour
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but research has linked this to what?
way criminals interpret other ppls behaviour / justify own actions
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two examples of cognitive distortions are?
hostile attribution bias / minimalisation
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+ hostile attribution bias
dgdfg
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evidence suggest propensity for violenc often associated with tendency to?
misinterpret others' actions
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in other words assuming?
people are confrontational when they aren't
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offenders may misread non-aggressive cues and trigger?
disproportionate violent response
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schoneberg and justye studied how many violent offenders?
55
26 of 83
and presented them with images of?
emotionally ambiguous facial expressions
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when compared with non-aggressive matched control group what were results?
offenders significantly more likely to preceive images angry and hostile
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roots of this may be?
childhood
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dodge and frame showed children a video clip of?
ambiguous provocation
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children who had been identified as aggressive and rejected prior to study interpreted mroe hostile than those classed?
non-aggressive and accepted
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+ minimalisation
dgdfg
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an attempt to do what?
deny / downplay seriousness of an offence
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and has been elsewhere referred to as application of?
euphemistic label for behaviour by bandura
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for instance burglars may describe themselves as doing what o minimise seriousness of offences?
doing a job / supporting my family
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studies suggest individuals that commit what kind of offences particularly prone to minimalisation?
sexual offences
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barbaree studied how many incarcerated rapists?
26
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and found what % denied any offence?
54%
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and further what % minimised harm?
40%
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pollock and hashmall reported what % sample of child molesters argued crime was non-sexual?
35%
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and said they were just?
being affectionate
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and what % stated victim had consented?
36%
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EVALUATIO
NDFGDFG
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:) level of moral reasoning evidence
dfgdf
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palmer and hollin compared moral reasoning between which 3 grps?
female non-offendes / male non-offenders / convicted offenders
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how many female non-offenders?
210
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and male non-ffenders?
122
47 of 83
and convicted offenders?
126
48 of 83
using what apparatus?
Socio-Moral reflection measure-short form (SRM-SF)
49 of 83
which contains how many moral dilemma related questions?
11
50 of 83
what was the result?
delinquent group showed less moral reasoning than non-delinquent
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is this consistent with kohlberg's predictions?
yes
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blackburn suggests delinquents may show this poor moral reasoning why?
lack role playing opportunities in childhood
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therefore what sbould be provided?
opportunities to develop moral reasoning
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:( alternative theories of moral reasoning
sgdg
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gibbs proposed revised version of theory comprising two levels of reasoning which are?
mature / immature
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in first level moral decisions are guided by?
avoidance of punishment and personal gain
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and in second level?
empathy / social justice / ones own conscience
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stages are equivalent to which two kohlberg level?
pre/conventional
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why did gibbs say post should be abandined?
culturally biased
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and didn't represent what?
natural maturation of cog development
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this supported by piaget's theory of moral development which suggests?
child-like reasoning is self centres and egocentric
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which deos what as get older?
gives way to empathy and concern for needs of others
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:) application of research
dfgdg
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understanding of cognitive distortions has proven beneficial in?
treatment of criminal behaviour
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CBT is dominant approach in rehabilitation of?
sex offenders
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which encourages offenders to do what?
face up to what they've done and est less distorted view of actions
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studies suggest that reduced incidence of denial and minimalisation in therapy is highly correlated to?
rieduced risk of reoffending
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and this is a key feature of?
anger mamangement
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EVAL EXTRA
DGD
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:( individual differences
dfg
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level of moral reasoning may depend on?
type of offence
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thornton and reid found what about individuals who committed crimes for financial gain?
more likely to show preconv moral reasoning than those convicted of impulsive crimes
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where what tended not to be evident?a
any reasoning @ all
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pre moral reasoning tends to be associated with what kinds of crimes?
those which offenders believe they ahve a good chance of evading punishment
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langdon et al suggested what may be a better predictor of criminality than moral reasoning?
intelligence
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this would explain what finding?
groups of people w/ v low intelligence less likely to committ crime
77 of 83
despite?
lower levels of moral reasoning
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:( descriptive not explanatory
dfdfg
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good @ describing criminal mind but worse at?
explaining it
80 of 83
cognitive explanations are essentially what kind of theories?
'after the fact'
81 of 83
and though may be useful when predicting what?
reoffending
82 of 83
tend not to give much waht?
insight into why committ crime
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Card 2

Front

who was first to apply this concept to criminal behaviour?

Back

kohlberg

Card 3

Front

he proposed people's decisions and judgements on issues of right and wrong can be summarised in?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

the higher the stage?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

kohlberg based theory on people's responses to?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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