forensics ; offender profiling ; top-down approach

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TOP-DOWN APPROACH
DGDFG
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- offender profiling
dgdfg
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what is offender profiling?
investigative tool employed by police when solving crimes
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what is the main aim of offender profiling?
narrow field of enquiry and list of likely suspects
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who will be called to work alongside police esp in high profile cases?
professional profilers
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methods vary but compiling profile will usually involve which two things?
scrutiny of crime scee / analysis of evidence
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in order to do what?
generate hypothesis about probable characteristics of the offender
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- american approach
dfgdfg
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top-down originally from us as result of?
fbi work in 70s
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more specifically fbi behavioural science unit drew upon data gethere from wht?
in-depth interviews
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with how many sexually motivated serial killers?
36
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including which two high profile cases?
ted bundy / charles manson
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what is the top-down approach also known as?
typology approach
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offender proflers who use this method will match what is known about the crime and offender to what?
pre-existing template the FBI developed
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murderers and rapists classified into one of which two categories?
organised / disorganised
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on what basis
evidence
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and this classification informs what?
the subsequent police investigation
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- organised and disorganised types of offender
dfgdfg
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this distinction is based on what idea?
that serious offenders have certain signature ways of working
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and these generally correlate with what?
particular set of social / psych characteristics
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+ organised offenders
dgdfg
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show evidence of having done what?
planned in advance
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victim deliberately targeted and will often reflect?
fact killer / ****** has a 'type'
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maintain high degree of what during crime?
ctrl
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and may operate with?
most detached surgical precision
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what is there litte of left @ scene?
evidence / clues
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tend to be abve-avg?
intelligent
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in what kind of occupation?
skilled, professional
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and are competent in which two ways?
socially / sexually
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usually what kind of home life?
married sometimes with children
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+ disorganised offenders
sdgdf
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show little evidence of?
planning
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suggesting offence to be?
spontaneous spur of the moment act
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crime scene tends to reflect what?
impulsive nature of attack
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what usually left @ scene?
body
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and appears to have been v little what on part of offender?
ctrl
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tend to have lower than average?
iq
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be in what kind of work?
unskilled / unemployed
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and often hav history of?
sexual dysfunction / failed relationships
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tend to have whay kind of homelife?
live alone
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and often live where proxemically?
relatively close to where offence took place
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- constructing FBI profile
dgd
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how many stages?
four
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stage one is?
data assimilation
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where profiler does what?
reviews evidence
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then?
crime scene classification
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as either?
organised / disorganised
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then?
crime reconstruction
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hypotheses in terms of?
sequence of events / victim behaviour etx
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and finally?
profile regeneration
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hypotheses related to?
likely offender like demographic bckg / phys characteristics / behaviour etc
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EVALUATION
DFFGDF
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:( only applies to particular crimes
gdgd
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best suited to what kind of crimes?
those that reveal important details about the suspect like **** / arson / cult kill
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and crimes that involve macabre practices like?
sadistic torture / body dissection / acting out fantasies
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why do more common offences like burglary not lend themselves to profiling?
resulting crime scene reveals v little about offender
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this means at best it is a limited approach to?
identifying a criminal
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:( based on outdated models of personality
dfgfdg
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typology classification system based on what assumption?
that offenders have patterns of behaviour and motivations that remain consistent across situations and contexts
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what have severeal critics suggested about thsis approach?
naive and informed by old fashioned models of personality
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these models see behaviour as being driven by what?
stable dispositional traits
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rather than?
external factors that may be constantly chanigng
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top-down approach is based on what kind of personality models?
static ones
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means its likely to have poor validity when it comes to what?
identifying possible suspects and/or trying to predict next move
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:( evidence doesn't support disorganised offender
dgdfg
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canter analysed data from how many usa murders?
100
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using qwhat technique?
smallest space analysis
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details of each case examied w/ reference to how many characteristics thought to be typical of dis/org killers?
39
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findings suggested evidence of distinct wht type?
organised
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but not case for disorganised which seems to undermine?
classification system as a whole
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evertheless what still continues about dis/organised distinction?
still used as model for professional profilers in us w/ widespread supportso they're dumb
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EVALUATION EXTRA
EGFG
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:( classification too simplistic
dfgfdg
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behaviours aren't mutually exclusive meaning?
combination could occurr at any murder scene
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for instance what does godwin ask?
how police investigators would classify killer with high intelligence and sexual competence who commits spontenaous murder
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this prompted other researchers to propose what?
more detailed typological models
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holmes suggests there are four types of killer which are?
visionary / mission / hedonistic / power and ctrl
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while keppel and walter choose to focus more on what than determining types?
different motivations killer may have
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:( original sample
dfgdfg
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developed using interviews with how many us killers?
36
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how many of these serial killers?
25
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and single / double murderers?
11
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critics have pointed out what about this sample?
too small / unrepresentative to base typology system that may have sig inf on police inv
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canter also argued it's not sensible to rely on what kind of data when constructing classification system?
self-report data with convicted killers (though that should have just been a given)
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Card 2

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- offender profiling

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dgdfg

Card 3

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what is offender profiling?

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Card 4

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what is the main aim of offender profiling?

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Card 5

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who will be called to work alongside police esp in high profile cases?

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