2 main findings from Bandura's study on Learning From Others
-Children exposed to aggressive models were more verbally and physically aggressive. -children were more likely to imitate same sex models. -girls were more verbally violent, boys more physical.
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What did Wikstrom and Tafel study?
Poverty & Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods, Upbringing, Turning To Crime
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3 types of offenders which were found in the study on Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods:
1)Propensity Induced: commit crimes regardless of their lifestyle. 2)Lifestyle Dependent: medium level of propensity, lifestyle is the trigger. 3)Situationally Limited: may occasionally commit if exposed to certain risks, e.g. drugs, alcohol
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Name the 3 studies within Cognition, Turning To Crime (1.2)
The 4 types of Neutralisation which Sykes & Matza categorised (Criminal Thinking Patterns)
1)Denial of Responsibility: "It wasn't my fault" 2)Denial of the Victim: "He had it coming" 3)Condemning the Condemners: "It was the police's fault" 4)Appeal to Higher Loyalties: "I was clearing the streets of prostitutes"
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4 Characteristics Common to Criminals (Criminal Thinking Patterns)
-irritable. -selfish. -lacking in empathy. -risk taking. -restless.
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What type of self report was primarily used in Yochelson and Samenow's Study
Freudian Interviews
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Kholberg's 3 Levels of Morality
1) Pre-conventional: right & wrong determined by rewards/ punishment. 2) Conventional: views of others matter, avoidance of blame, seek approval 3) Post-conventional: rights of others override obedience to laws/ rules
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Main findings of Palmer & Hollin's Study (2):
Male offenders had the lowest moral reasoning (mainly pre-conventional). Most non-offenders were at conventional level.
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Two types of Attribution (Social Cognition):
1) Internal Attribution: an individual blames themselves for behaviour. 2) External. The blame is attributed to an external force
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Who had the most and least guilt in Gudjonsson's Study:
Sex offenders had the most. Property offenders had the least.
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Name the 3 studies within Biology, Turning to Crime
What was the method of data collection is the study on Brain Dysfunction
PET scans
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Main findings from 1.3.1
murderers: reduced activity in pre-frontal cortex. Asymmetries of amygdala and thalamus
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What is serotonin?
neurotransmitter, "feel good chemical" plays a role in mood regulation(anger and aggression)
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Results of Brunner's study:
mutation on the X chromosome coding for MAOA production, serotonin wasn't regulated correctly in males, lead to increased aggression and lack of self control.
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3 reasons why women tend not to commit crime?
Physical reasons, who will look after their children, don't drink as much, don't have time.
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One scientific theory (other than Raine's) to why women don't commit crime.
They have less testosterone than men. High testosterone levels are linked to high aggression levels.
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Results of study 1.3.3:
Found a low resting heart rate in antisocial children. Men have lower heart rates than women. Those with low heart rate may commit crime to "seek" excitement.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Name 3 factors important for predicting criminality from Farrington's study:
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