Forensic psychology - offender profiling & crime analysis

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 10-04-20 18:05
how do the UK psychologist work (not TV)
deploy as a multidisciplinary team; senior officer; work with forensics, geographic, detectives, analyst; old.new cases; serial.sing offences; not hunch/intuition
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what is the reality of forensic psychologist
Cannot identify who committed the crime, can suggest probable characteristics an offender may possess; help police find evidence
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the history of forensic psychologists
would only do EWT, aggression, personality, social interaction, scripts; Dr brussel; FBI-categorised offender traits; experience & research
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what did Dr Brussel do in 1956
developed an elaborate profile in December 1956 and predicted that the Mad Bomber was (1) a foreign-born male of eastern European descent
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what is BIA
Behaviour investigator analysis
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From Profiling to behaviour investigator analysis (BIA)
Not just profiling, assist investigative decision making; Consultants from NCA invited to assist investigation; Murder, ****, abduction, arson, suspicious missing persons; Offender known-clinician; Offender unknown-BIA
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what is a interactive offence
Complex social interaction; Many factors impact upon offender; Offender has some control over how to re/act & characteristic re/actions remain consistent
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what are the complex social interaction
offender action made depending on victims action (scream=cover mouth); initial interaction is in offenders control (after it is cat&mouse)
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what are the factors that are impacted upon offender
offender has some control; action & reaction are automatic
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what are the range of services that psychologist assist in
Crime Scene Assessment; Profiling-USEFUL offender characteristics; Prioritisation of persons of interest for DNA intelligence led screening; offence linkage; interview strategy; media strategy
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when do police officer need help from psychologist to profile
when they dw where to start in investigation; way too many suspects
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how do psychologist help start profiling when investigators cant start
intelligence lead screening=national dna database; prioritisation matrix
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what is a prioritisation matrix
May be constructed where individuals are scored and ranked to determine the most promising lines of enquiry and indicate the most likely persons of interest for further investigation.
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what is offence linkage
Have committed 1+ offences; base rates have behavioural similarites; some offenders do learn so can go back to crime scene
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how will analyst identify in offence linkage
comparative case analysis; potential cases which are similar from a huge database of offences.
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what is interview strategy
interaction with officer & suspect; clinical
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how does media strategy help cases
trigger in people coming forward; anchor memory
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what is required in data collection for referencing
Statements, briefing, crime scene visit
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why might be a problem for psychologist to get data
access; retrospective;Not collected for purpose of behavioural interpretation; Samples skewed to those worked with, caught, researched etc
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why might psychologist not get access to data
police may not give statement - not accurate, bias,equality; police might want to keep a good relationship with offender
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what does it mean by retrospective- problem with data
memory and cognitive bias’ – limited quality and quantity
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what are the 3 elements of crime - analysis to inference
Location: type, selection-familiar, escape; Victim: routine, risk, personality; Offender: aggression, weapon, injuries, items missing
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how is location an element of crime - analysis to inference
was it led by the victim; was it where offender was
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how is victim an element of crime - analysis to inference
was it a target - could offender know victims' routine
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how is offender an element of crime - analysis to inference
was weapon at the scene of the crime/ did they take it from somewhere else
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what is the behavioural investigation advice
consultation; reference to behavioural database; mentoring/peer review; ethics; relevant research; practitioner experience
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why is consultation a behavioural investigation advice
things that can be referred to other other specialist (dermatologist; fire station)
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why is relevant research a behavioural investigation advice
others may have had a similar case
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what is assimilation and action
Use knowledge and research from variety of sources; To provide evidence based, written report – fully backed rationale
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why might you use assimilation and action
What does this tell us about the offender? Extreme violence=extremely violent?
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what is the underlying principle
consistency; homology; predicting socia-demographics rather than traits
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what is homology
Refers to a relationship between characteristics that reflects the characteristics' origins in either evolution or development
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what are the practical consideration
small part of a small number of investigation; data problematic (memory,purpose, lie); Court – “information about the past behaviour of other individuals is wholly irrelevant"
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what is positive finding from forensic psychology
Profilers wrote richer and more accurate sexual profiles compared to detectives; FBI 1985, 64 murder scenes to 6 profilers, 80% congruence BUT dichotomous categorisation; 77% success in focusing investigation; advice rated highly
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what need to be improved in psychology
Not yet acceptable; Too vague; Common sense; Conclusions overstated; Neither reliable nor valid; Not discriminatory
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what did the satisfaction surveys say about psychology (Gudjonsson & Copson, 1997)
83% operation useful; 61% further understanding of offender; 52% reassured own judgement; 16% opened new lines of enquiry; 14% assisst case; 3% identified offender
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how accurate is psychology
How test accuracy e.g. motive – especially if never caught; How accurate is accurate – probability If 80% correct=accurate? Accurate information does not necessarily mean it is helpful
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Toolman's Philosophy
claim;grounds;warrant;backing;modality;rebuttals
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what should you look for in interviews/observations
Selective focussing on salient information; Identification of anomalies; Grouping behaviours into themes; Attention to detail and holistic analysis; Common mistakes demonstrates expertise
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how to track methods
Are conclusions well reasoned and supported? Significant improvements - "presents material in a more coherent and evidence-based format”; "These professionals have indeed developed an expertise in their discipline”
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what is a crime analyst
Support investigations by ‘collating and studying information to help detect and reduce crime’
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what do crime analyst do
Look for patterns and trends in data; Identify problems so resources can be allocated; Summarise data (using charts, timelines and maps), to draw inferences.
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what are the types of policing
reactive (taking statement); proactive(help before action committed)
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what are the types of analysis
strategic; tactical; investigative; performance; operational
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what does strategical analysis assists with and it's review
A) planning and policy R) trends and patterns
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what does tactical analysis assists with and it's review
A) operational activity R) current crime problems
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what does investigative analysis assists with and it's review
A) profiling suspects and victims R) information from investigations
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what does performance analysis assists with and it's review
A) identify areas of improvement R) what works and what doesn't
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what does operational analysis assists with and it's review
A) development, resource allocation R) organisational resourcing
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what kind of jobs can analyst go into
Policing – researcher/analyst; NCA – SCAS, CEOP; Security/secret services (MI5/6); Fraud – insurance assessment; Customs; Crime and disorder – local authorities; Substance misuse
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what is SCAS
Series crime analyst section
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why was SCAS made
after the Byford/Yorkshire Ripper (peter sutcliff)case; police offending multiple cases with Sutcliff; Recommended central repository for crime comparison; Employ analysts, assistants
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what is a comparative case analyst
Identify series/linked events
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why link crimes
shared resources; Potentially more evidence/corroboration; Justice – clear-up; sentencing
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how to link crimes?
Forensically; Geography/time; Behaviourally BUT different to role of BIA
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what does an network analyst do
phone/financial analysis; association charts; social networking
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description of crime patter analyst
Looks for patterns in crimes – behavioural (MO), geographic, trends
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what is a network analyst
Analysis of offender activities and relationships
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description of target profile
Profile of an individual – lifestyle, activity, associates
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description of problem profile
analysis of a problem – change in patterns, series, hot-spots
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description of timeline
Temporal depiction of events, activity, communication
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Card 2

Front

what is the reality of forensic psychologist

Back

Cannot identify who committed the crime, can suggest probable characteristics an offender may possess; help police find evidence

Card 3

Front

the history of forensic psychologists

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what did Dr Brussel do in 1956

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is BIA

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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