forensic psychology

Pessimistic emphasis on memory (easily corrupted)..

it is fragmentary, schema driven, reconstructive, prone to distortion

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Optimistic emphasis on memory (permanent record)..

easily mislaid, availability vs accessibility, triggered by cues, indestructible

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Wells (1997) estimator variables..

uncontrolled conditions under which witness sees the crime (duration;lighting, etc)

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Wells (1997) system variables..

conditions over which the investigator has control (interview and identification procedures)

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Estimator variables in the encoding phase..

situational, witness, attention, attitudes & beliefs.

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Estimator variables in the storage phase..

rates of forgetting, traumatic events, impact of post-event information

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Estimator variables in the retrieval phase..

accessing memory + questioning skills)

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System factors - Interviewing 1) Cognitive interview..

(mnemonic techniques derived from cognitive psychology &

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System factors - Interviewing 2) Achieving best evidence

interview to minimise suggestive questioning and maximise free narrative. child abuse complaints.

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Identification techniques - virtual or video parade..

witnesses see 9 video clips, 1 is the suspect, the remainder are 'foils'.

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Advantages of virtual parades..

fairer, less stressful, reduced delays, lower costs

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Theory..

arise from observing a developing problem, inferring existence of an underlying problem, give rise to plausible hypotheses.

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Models..

refers to a scientific analogy or metaphor e.g. describing the heart as a pump

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Theory appraisal (7 ways)

predictive accuracy and scope, internal coherence, external consistency, unifying power, fertility/heuristic value, simplicity and explanatory depth.

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Effects of early separation (Newcastle thousand Family birth cohort study)

Kolvin et al, 1988. risk for conviction up to age 32 doubled for boys who experienced maternal deprivation or privation.

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Effects of early separation (Cambridge study)

Harrington et al, 2009. 60% of boys separated from parent by 10th birthday convicted up to age 50, compared with 36% of boys who weren't separated.

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Dismissive attachment and offending (Allen et al, 1996)

linked with hard drug use and criminality in hospitalised adolescents.

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Dismissive attachment and offending (Rosenstein and Horowitz, 1996)

associated with diagnoses of ASPD and self reported antisocial personality traits.

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Dismissive attachment and offending (Frodi et al, 2001)

most characteristics style among psychopathic offenders.

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Ward et al, 1996. Rapists and paedophiles are..

dismissive type.. characterised by need for intimacy and fear of abandonment. children may fulfil social/emotional/sexual needs.

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Evaluation of attachment theory..

provides a context fir understanding the link between parent relationships & future behaviours. However strong emphasis on mother, fair?

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Learned crime (Jeffrey 1965)

criminal behaviour develops through operant conditioning.

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Bandura

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

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Role of parents (Heapasalo & Pokela, 1999)

harsh parenting predictive of later offending.

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Role of parents (Newson & Newson, 1989)

parents use of physical punishment at ages 7 and 11 predicts later antisocial deviance.

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Role of parents (Robins, 1979)

longitudinal study - delinquency predicted by poor and harsh parental supervision

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History - Franz Josef Gall

founder of phrenology, study of personality and behaviour based on the shape of the skull.

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History - Cesare Lombroso

founding father of criminology, noted a small indention in base of patient's skull. 'anthropological criminology'. born criminals identified on basis of physical defects.

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MZ twins

only around 8% of twins are MZ.

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Baker et al, 2007 studied twins.

Heritability was 96%, only 4% of influence was environment.

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Genetic influences on aggression (Plomin et al, 1990)

review of 11 twin studies showed evidence for heritability.

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Genetic influences on aggression (Miles and Carey, 1997)

meta-analysis suggesting that genetics account for up to 50% variability in aggression.

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Hot/reactive aggression

a reaction to a perceived wrong.

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Cold/instrumental aggression

personal gain, psychopathy

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Monoamine oxidase A (warrior gene)

brunner syndrome, male relatives with MAOA gene showed impulsive violence and aggression.

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MAOA..

enzyme responsible for degrading neurotransmitters known as monamines.

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Other genes may contribute to ASB..

5-HTT, DRD2, DAT1, DRD4

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Other genetic explanation for ASB

XXY/

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Oxytocin (OT) and Argine Vasopressin

dendritic release to limbic system (esp. amygdala)

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Fries et al, 2005. Neurobiology of attachment.

Romaninan orphans demonstrated decreased levels of AVP. Also OT following interaction with mother.

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Oxytocin - 'love hormone'

Intranasal OT linked with increased trust in game situation, increased generosity, better performance in reading mind in eyes test.

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Mitchell et al, 2013. Neurobiology of attachment.

urine samples from patients with severe sexual/violent history. elevated levels of OT.

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De Wall et al, 2014. Neurobiology of attachment.

OT interacts with personality trait to predict Intimate Partner Violence.

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What percentage of abused and neglected children at home are never referred for professional help?

50-80%

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Examples of child protective factors to child maltreatment

good relationships with other relatives, peers, attachment style

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Examples of family protective factors to child maltreatment

consistent sensitive parenting, high parental education, consistent parental employment, middle-higher socio economic class

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Examples of environmental protective factors to child maltreatment

supportive and good relations to other adults (i.e. teachers)

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Maltreatment significantly increases the risk of..

depression, anxiety/ptsd, conduct and personality disorders, substance misuse

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Genetic factors on maltreatment summary

small variations in our genotype produces changes in our brain structure which can make us more vulnerable to environmental stressors.

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Children exposed to family violence showed ___ activity when looking at angry faces

increased

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____ grey matter volume for children who have been through maltreatment

reduced

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What percentage of woman make up England & Wale's prisons?

5.9%. General increase of 18% in juvenile (violent) female criminality.

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Women's liberation theory as an explanation for rise in female crime..

More confidence, higher esteem, leading to more masculine crimes.

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Hirschi's social control theory on crime

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief & conformity

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Agnew's general strain theory..

coping strategies, higher tolerance for negative life events in women

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6 risk factors more prevalent in female violent offenders..

abuse and witnessing violence, parental, family conflict, academic achievement, depression, levels of empathy, esteem and guilt

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Mental health among female prisoners

5x more likely to have a mental health concern, 28% likely to self harm, 37% attempted suicide, 51% severe / enduring mental illness

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Two techniques used for examining structural integrity of different areas of the brain

Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Five techniques used to examine the functional aspects of different areas of the brain

EEG, ERP, P300, fMRI, SPECT

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Anti social personality disorder

3.6% of general population, suggested 80-85% of incarcerated offenders could have it

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Larsson, Andershed & Lichtenstein - genetic basis for psychopathy using ACE

A= genes, C=shared family environment, E=environmental risk factors unique to individual (i.e. head injury)

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Abnormalities in foetal development MPAS (genetic)

shown to be correlated with aggressive behaviours in children as young as 3 years

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Exposure of the developing brain to stress hormones exerts consequences by..

affecting gene expression, myelination, neural morphology, neurogenesis and synpatogenesis

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Cawson, Wattam, Brooker & Kelly - % of child abuse UK

16% girls, 7% boys sexually assaulted before 13. likely to be someone they know.

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Fraction of all sexual offence's committed by adolescents

1/3

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Hanson and Busier found ****** sexual offence recidivism rate was

18.9%

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Functional analysis..

determines the underlying motives and functions of offending behaviour.

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Approach/Treatment sexual offenders

RNR principles 'what works best', Risk, need, responsivity

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Subtypes of schizophrenia

paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, residual

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People with learning disabilities have IQ lower than

70

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UK Homicide stats 2011/12

540 homicides, 2/3rd victims male, female victims more likely to know perpetrator (78%) & killed by current or ex partner (51%)

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___ % of homicide perpetrators had a mental disorder

35%

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Biological/medical treatments for mental health

medication, antipsychotic, antidepressant medication, mood stabiliser medication, ECT

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Psychological assessments for mental health

weschler adult intelligence scale, wais-iv, neurological & personality assessments e.g. MCMI-111, TOMS

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Cognitive empathy

ability to take another's perspective, understand their thoughts and beliefs. autism, struggle to understand another's perspective

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Affective empathy

refers to feeling what another person is feeling, or 'emotional resonance'. psychopaths struggle to feel what another person is feeling

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Advantages of crime linkage (suggest 2 or more crimes may be committed by same offender)

efficient deployment of limited police resources, pool witness descriptions and evidence, increase in victim credibility, protection for multiple offences

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Factors that affect consistency with crime

type of behaviour, whether behaviour is proactively displayed or reaction, objectivity, age,

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Analysis of Jaccard's

to determine if linked crime pairs can be differentiated from unlinked crime pairs

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Youden's Index..

the optimal decision threshold at which the proportion of hits is maximised while the proportion of false alarms is minimised

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C-Link network

internation network of academics and practitioners, multi country dataset and analysis

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