How could mitochondria and chloroplast be derived from a prokaryotic (Endosymbiotic hypothesis)
Incomplete phagocytosis resulted in a fusion of the two cells; They continue to live and divide within the engulfing cell & were past on to daughter cells when the cell that engulfed them divided
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equation of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Which wavelength has the most energy
short
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Which pigments absorbs light energy (photon)
chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; B- carotene
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What is Carotenoids
An accessory pigment that harvest light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll. This is because Chlorophyll is the only pigment to do the photosynthetic work
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Where does the light independent reaction occur
stroma
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Where does the light dependent reaction occur
Thylakoid membrane - chloroplast
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What is the light energy used for in LDR
convert ADP and Pi to ATP; Reduce NADP+; 2 NADP+ + H2O 2 NADPH + O2
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What is the chemical energy that the light energy is converted into in the LDR
= ATP & NADPH
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Why is water split in the LDR
To prove H for C6H12O6
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What is NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
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What is the Z scheme
Light is absorbed in the chlorophyll, causes electron to get to high level & goes to an electron accepton. Electron is reduced using ATP and NADP+ is formed in a series of electron carrier. and electron also used to form NADPH
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How is ATP synthesised in the LDR
There is an electrochemical gradient over the thyalkoid membrane. The enzyme ATP synthase uses the energy stored in this gradient to drive ATP synthesis
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What are the overall process of the Calvin cycle
fixation of CO2 using RuBP; conversion of fixed CO2 to carbohydrates; regeneration of RuBP
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The full events of the calvin cycle
CO2 combines with RuBP using RuBisCo. RuBP carboxylated & forms 6C. It breaks into 2 GP & reduced into TP using NADPH. ATP gives energy to reduce GP to regen RuBP
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What are the substances that are used in the calvin cycles that were produced in the LDR
NADPH and ATP
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Limiting factors of photosynthesis
light intensity; co2; temperature
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What are the 16 elements for healthy growth of a plant
N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, B, Zn, Mo, Ni & Cl
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What does common fertilisers contain
N, P, K (plant macro nutrient)
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How would you know if the plant is deficient
yellowing of the leaves due to a lack of chlorophyll.
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What happens to the synthesised carbohydrate?
uses it in respiration to provide energy; And other metabolic pathways – formation of amino acids and lipids
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How is food transported around the plant
Starch converted to sucrose in the dark and tropoted using th phloem vessel
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