Forensic biology - Enzyme

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 25-05-20 18:04
how does heat increase bond instability
The chances of molecules colliding; the energy of the collision (which is transferred to the bonds of the molecules); & therefore the chance of a chemical reaction
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WHat does heat do to bonds
creates kinetic energy for molecules to move
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How do enzymes catalyse
Orienting the substrate molecules; inducing strain in the substrate molecule; Creating partial charge; stabilising the transition state of the substrate; form transient covalent bonding with substrate
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How does inducing strain in the substrate molecule help the enzyme to catalyse
It weakens the bonds in between the atoms
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How does creating partial charges help the enzyme to catalyse
alter electron distribution in substrate
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What are the types of inhibitors
irreversible & reversible
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What are the types of reversible inhibitors
competitive & non-competitive
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Examples of irreversible inhibitors
organophosphorus insecticides (malathion) and nerve gases (sarin)
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What does organophosphorus (OP) insecticides (malathion) and nerve gases (sarin) do
Both block the enzyme responsible for switching off the neural transmitter molecule - Acetylcholine
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How does Acetylcholine react with rganophosphorus (OP) insecticides (malathion) and nerve gases (sarin)
Ach carries the message across the synapse; Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) breaks down Ach to stop the transmission; OPs are irreversible inhibitors of AChE Without breakdown, ACh continues to stimulate nerve
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Example of a non-competitive inhibitor
Allosteric regulation
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How can you produce a negative feedback in a metabolic pathway
The product of one step can inhibit an enzyme earlier in the pathway; reducing enzyme activity and therefore substrate for the next step; Increased product = increased inhibition & product formation decreases
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What does enzyme reaction rate depend on
The temperature of the environment; The pH of the environment; Presence of inhibitors; Concentration of enzyme/substrate
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How temperature affect on enzyme
Increase temp cause more kinetic energy so more collision occur until it's optimum temperature. Above the optimum will cause the enzyme to denature by weaken the bonds between the atoms/
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How pH affect on enzyme
H+ effect the stability of the ionic bonds; can alter the charge of the active site;enzyme conformation or denature;
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How does increasing the substrate concentration on the enzyme
Slow reaction because many active sites are empty; as substrate increases there will be less active site availabe
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How does increasing the enzyme concentration on the enzyme
as it increases there will less substrate, which will make the substrate the limiting factor
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Which vitamins derivatives are critical coenzyme for human
B1; B2; Niacin; Pantothenic acid; pyridoxine; biotin; lipoic acid; folic acid; B12
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin B1 affect and how
Thiamine pryophosphate; activation and transfer of aldehyde
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin B2 affect and how
FADH; oxi-red
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin Niacin affect and how
NADH &NADPH; oxi-red
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin pantothenic acid affect and how
Coenzyme A; acyl group activation & transfer
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin pyridoxine affect and how
pyridoxal phosphate; amino acid activation & glycogen phosphorylase
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin biotin affect and how
biotin; CO2 activation and transfer
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin Lipoic acid affect and how
lipoamide; acly group activation; oxi-red
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin f aolic acidffect and how
texahydrofolate; activation and transfer of a single carbon groups
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Which co-enzyme does vitamin B12 affect and how
cobalamin coenzyme; isomerization and methyl group
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Reactivity of metal central to catalytic activity
+ve charge; ability to form strong but kinetically labile bounds; ability of some ions (e.g. Cu) to exist stably in more than 1 oxidation state – important in redox reactions
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% facts about cofactors
1/3 of enzymes require metal ion cofactor for activity; 10 % of proteins contain Zn (Zn2+); 1 % contain Cu (Cu+ or Cu2+)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

WHat does heat do to bonds

Back

creates kinetic energy for molecules to move

Card 3

Front

How do enzymes catalyse

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does inducing strain in the substrate molecule help the enzyme to catalyse

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How does creating partial charges help the enzyme to catalyse

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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