Forensic biology - Carbohydrate and lipids

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 22-05-20 03:49
What are the micro nutrients that are the chemical constituents of a cell
Co, Cu, Cr, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mg, Mo, Se and Zn
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What are the macro nutrients that are the chemical constituents of a cell
Ca, Cl, P, K, Na, S
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What are the compound that are the chemical constituents of a cell
Vitamins; Macromolecules and their monomers
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What are the percentage of element that are the chemical constituents of a cell
O- 65; C- 18.5; H - 9.5; N-3.3; P-1; S- 0.3
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What compounds are based o the element carbon
carbohydrate; lipid; protein; nucleic acids;
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What are the percentage of chemicals in a cell
30%; 70% of water
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How to make Van der Waal/ london force to increase
The bigger the molecules, the greater the force of attraction
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How to make Van der Waal/ london force to decrease
increasing the number of branches
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Chemical groups
hydroxyl; sulfhydryl; carboxyl; methyl; amine; carbonyl (ketone, aldehyde); acetyl; phosphate
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Whats is the carbohydrate element ration
C:H:O ratio 1:2:1
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What is the main function of a carbohydrate
Energy storage; Structure – e.g. cell walls; Gels – e.g. mucus, cartilage
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What do the golgi body modify carbohydrates into
glycolipids, glycoproteins, nucleosides & nucleotides
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What are the catergories of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - one sugar; Disaccharides – 2 sugar molecules joined together; Oligosaccharide – small polymers, 3-20 sugar molecules; Polysaccharides – Polymers of over 20 sugars molecules
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What is the general formula of a Monosaccharides
(CH20)n , where n = between 3 and 7 in cells
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Examples of a Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
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What are the sugars that have 5 carbon atoms (pentoses)
deoxyribose; ribose
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What are the sugars that have 6 carbon atoms (hexoses)
glucose, fructose, galactose
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Examples of a disaccharides
sucrose (fructose + glucose); lactose (galactose + glucose); maltose (glucose + glucose)
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What are the similarites between Cellobiose and Maltose
both formed from 2 glucose molecules; due to 2 type of glucose, α and β; it will cause glycosidic linkange to form differently;
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which glucose is needed to make Cellobiose
β –glucose
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which glucose is needed to make Maltose
α -glucose
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examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Where would you find starch
Starch is an inert store of glucose used by plants
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Where would you find glycogen
Glycogen is an inert store of glucose used by Animals and Fungi
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What is the function of cellulose
structural molecule; It surrounds plant cells forming the cell wall; The cell wall provides support for the plant
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Which polysaccharide is formed using α-Glucose
Glycogen and starch
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Which polysaccharide is formed using β-Glucose
Cellulose
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Why can't you digest cellulose
broken down by the enzyme Cellulase which only a few microorganisms have; Humans have the enzyme Amylase, which breaks down starch so it cannot break down cellulose
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What is the structure of cellulose
Cellulose packs together nicely (pulled together by lots of H bonds and van der Waal forces)
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Main types of lipids
Triglycerides – fats & oil; Phospholipids; Cholesterol; Sphingolipids
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Functions of lipids
Energy store; structure; energy capture; vitamins; signalling; thermal insulation; electrical insulation; water repellents
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Structure of triglyceride (fats/oils)
Esters of 3 fatty acids and an alcohol called glycerol; organic acid + alcohol = ester + water
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What is a cis fatty acid
Natural; H atom on C=C bond on same side of molecule; large kink.
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What is a transs fatty acid
Mostly man made – hydrogenated fat; H atom on C=C bond opposite sides of molecule; much reduced kink.
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What is a fat
Linear fatty acid that is closely packed . Hence solid at room temp.
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What is an oil
Unsaturated fatty acids are kinked, disrupting packing. Hence, liquid at room temp
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Which fatty acid position can animals only incroparate
ω - 9 position or nearer the carboxyl group
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Role of EFA's
Synthesis of other fatty acids; ω – 6: synthesis of prostaglandins ; neurological development; incorporated into membrane hospholipids
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what is ω – 6: synthesis of prostaglandins function
PGs; hormone like regulatory molecules that play role in control of smooth muscle contraction, blood pressure and inflammation
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Structure of phospholipid
Hydrophilic head (glyceral phosphate ); Hydrophobic tail (non polar hydrocarbon fatty acid)
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Structure of a cholesterol
polar head; rigid steriod ring structure; nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
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WHat are steriod hormones synthesised from
cholesterol
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Importance of sphingolipid terminal
The terminal hydroxyl group can form ester linkage with a variety of other molecules, including phosphocholine, galactose and other carbohydrates
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The function of a sphingolipid
Form part of cell membrane; glycolipids formed from adding carbohydrates to sphingosine + fatty acid; Membrane Structure; Protection of cell surface; Adhesion sites for extracellular proteins Cell signalling & communication; cell recognition
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Structure of Sphingomyelin
sphingosine - long unsaturated chain(not glycerol); 1 fatty acid can be linked by an amide bond; Sphingosine and fatty acid are hydrophobic; phospocholine head is hydrophilic
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