FOOD1010 - Food Origins and Form

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What is the manufacturing process for food oils?
Dehulling, extraction, refining - neutralising, bleaching, deodourising, winterising, hydrogenation
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What is cocoa bean processing?
Harvest (green to yellow), ferment (prevent germination), dry (6%), store and transport
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How is chocolate manufactured?
Store, clean, micronise & winnow, roast, blend, grind, mix and mill, refine, conche, temper
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What are the conditions for the roasting of cocoa beans during chocolate manufacture?
140 degrees, 40 mins
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How is coffee manufactured?
Harvest (red, 8 months), processing (dry or wet), blending, roasting, cooling, grinding, extraction
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How is indian black tea manufactured?
Plucking, withering, rolling, breaking & sifting, oxidation, firing, grinding and sorting, storage
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How is Japanese green tea manufactureed?
Plucking (3x per season), steaming/pan frying, rolling, drying, refinement
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How is Oolong tea manufactured?
Similar process to black tea with 1/2 the oxidation time
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What is the difference between arabica and robusta coffee?
Robusta has greater yield, more bitter taste, higher caffeine content and is considered inferior
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What is the difference between fatty acids in the northern/southern climate?
North = higher polyunsaturated fat, more fluid due to lower temp
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How is white chocolate made?
From sugar, milk powder and cocoa butter - doesn't include cocoa solids
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How is cocoa butter produced?
Passing cocoa liquor through a hydraulic press forces cocoa butter out of the liquid
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What makes the cocoa varieties different?
Criollo = superior flavour, forastero = more bitter, trinitaro = mix of forastero and criollo
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What is the traditional bread making process?
Mixing, fermentation, moulding, baking, cooling and storage
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What is the Chorely Wood Process?
Mixing, divide, 1st prove (15m), final mould, 2nd prove (40-60m)
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What are soft wheat kernels?
Loosley packed, good for gelatinisation and gels (wheat, corn, rye, oat)
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What are hard wheat kernels?
Tightly packed kernes, gritty flours, break into sharp particles where protein is free (rice, millet, durum wheat)
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How is flour dry milled and produced?
Cleaning/dehulling, conditioning, breaking/milling, sieving (remove bran?), blending, quality control
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How is cheese produced?
Milk selection, adjusting pH (starter culture), colour (caretenoid pigments), conversion of milk to cheese curds (coagulation), proteases (rennet), chymosin, ripening
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How is milk converted to cheese curds?
Acidification of milk to pH 5-5.3, use of rennet to coagulate casein protein to form a gel and entrap fat
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Why can lactose intolerant people often eat harder cheeses?
There is less fat
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What effect has climte change had on the production of coffee?
An increase in disease events effecting coffee plants
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The process of steaming during the manufacture of Japanese green tea is to..
Inactivate polyphenol oxidase
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What is the average contribution of plant foods dietary energy in a typical omnivore diet?
70%
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What phenomenon is associated with a crunch texture in plant foods?
Tugor
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Broccoli contains which important molecule that potentially has antibiotic and anti-cancer effects?
Glucoraphanin
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Which natural toxins are found in greening potatoes?
Glycoalkaloids
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What is the largest component of egg yolk?
Water
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The two main categories of proteins in milk are:
Casein and whey
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Sterilised milk is heated to
100 degrees for 1hr
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The most important casein protein in cheese making is
K
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Wihch flour contains the most bran?
100% extraction
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Approximately how many eggs are eaten each year in the UK?
12 billion
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The fat found in fish is mostly..
Unsaturated
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How many chickens are housed in a mega farm?
40,000+
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Which fish are Pelagic (oily)?
Tuna, mackrel, sardines
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Omega 3 fatty acids found in fish are good for..
Development of brain and retina, associated with decreased incidence of cancer and CVD
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What is the difference between white and red muscle in fish?
Red muscle is used for high speeds at long distances where as white is used for fast short bursts
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How does nitrogen vary in the food chain?
The N15 value increases up the food chain
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What are myomeres in fish?
Muscles layered into thin sheets / flakes arranged in W shape
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What are myosepta in fish?
Sheets of connective tissue separating myomeres
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How many pigs and cows are needed to be classified as a mega farm?
2000 pigs, 750 breeding cows
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What health considerations are associated with meat eating?
High saturated fat and cholesterol, carcinogens, niteosamines, cancer, fat soluble chemical
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What percentage of worldwide greenhouse emissions do livestock account for?
14.5%
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What are epimysium, preimysium and endomysium?
Epimysium = surrounds entire muscle, preimysium = surrounds muscle bundle, endomysium = surrounds muscle fibre
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Where are visceral fat and subcutaneous fat located?
Around organs and on the surface
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What are the conditions for pasteurisation of milk?
Batch = 63 degrees 30 min HTST = 72 degrees 15 sec
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What is homoegenisation?
Where milk is forced through small holes under high pressure to break fat into smaller droplets
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What is the roll test?
Roll an egg and it will wobble if fresh as yolk is held off centre by calazae
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How can the freshness of eggs be tested with a bowl of water?
Fresh eggs will sink, a few days old will be upright and if too old will float
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How does the air cell change as an egg ages?
Grows
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What is the albumen in an egg?
The egg white - dilute aqueous solution of protein with alternating layers of thick and thin
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What monomers make up sucrose?
1x fructose, 1 x glucose
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What monomers make up maltose?
2 x glucose
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What monomers make up lactose?
1x glucose, 1 x galactose
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What is sugar beet and where is it grown?
A root crop grown in colder regions
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What is sugar cane?
A tall grass which is highly perishable so must be processed immediatly by being crushed with water
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How is sucrose extracted from sugar beet?
Extracted with hot water and refined
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What is coffee rust?
A fungus that rusts coffee plant leaves
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What was the Boston Tea Party?
East India Tea company objected against British taxation of tea and the tea was dumped into harbour
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What are the health implications of polyphenols found in tea?
Catechins are polyphenols in tea, they're powerful antioxidants which protect the body from free raducals
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At what temperature and for how long do the three types of tea take to prepare?
Green = 75-80 degrees 1-2 mins, Black = 99 degrees 2-3 mins, Oolong 80-85 degrees 2-3 mins
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What are the nutritional benefits of eating broccoli?
Contain vitamin C, K, A, glucoraphanin, folate, maganese and myrosinase that breaks down to raphanin and has antibiotic effects
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How is broccoli associated with a down-regulation of cancer cell growth for prostate cancer sufferers?
Sulphoraphanes inhibit cancer cell growth nd down regulate genes associated with cancer cell growth
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What does 'glycaemic index' mean?
How quickly glucose gets from gut to blood
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How can the GI index of potatoes be reduced? (3 ways)
Cool it down, eat the skin (fibre delays starch transit and digestion), eat with fatty filling (delays gastric emptying)
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How does glucose travel through the plant?
Glucose -> sucrose -> phloem -> sink tissue -> converted to glucose-6-phosphate -> ADP-glucose -> starch
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What are the nutritional benefits of carrots?
Contain vitamin K, B6, high in Bcarotene -> vitamin A
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How can fruit ripening be delayed?
Low temperatures, low O2, air circulation to remove ethylene
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What plastids are found in plant cells?
Amyloplasts, chloroplasts, chromoplasts
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What happens during the extraction stage of oil manufacturing?
Mechanical = crushed, filtered, cold pressed Chemical = immersed in hexane to dissolve solvent and distilled at 85 degrees
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What happens during the neurtralising stage of oil refinement?
Addition of NaOH and phosphoric acid which is centrifuged to wash and filter
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What are the health implications of sugar consumption?
Pure energy, consume more than needed, tooth decay, obesity, type 2 diabetes
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What monosaccharides is the trisaccharide 'raffinase' made from?
1 x galactose, 1 x glucose, 1 x fructose
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is cocoa bean processing?

Back

Harvest (green to yellow), ferment (prevent germination), dry (6%), store and transport

Card 3

Front

How is chocolate manufactured?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the conditions for the roasting of cocoa beans during chocolate manufacture?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is coffee manufactured?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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