Finance ministers 1882 onwards

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Explain successes of Bunge 1881 - 86
Factory inspectorate 1882 - improved working conditions for women/children, 1883 abolished poll tax and lowered redemption payments reducing financial burden on peasants who still paid 90% of tax, 1883 - peasant land bak - buy more land from nobles
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explain weaknesses of Bunge
factory inspectorates mistrusted and only 267 in whole of Russia, reforms too radical so many dismissed
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explain successes of Vyshnegradsky 1887 - 92
• Tariff Act (1891) to protect iron, raw cotton and industrial machinery production, 1888 France loans to assist industry development, grain exports increased by 18% under V, laws to restrict child labour and hours for women working at night
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Explain weaknesses of Vyshnegradsky
1891-92 famine failures in Volga region over 350,000 died, forced peasants to pay back dated taxes and redemption payments, 1881 taxes on farming implements - pressure on peasants to produce more grain and taxes
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Explain successes of Witte 1892-1903 - turning point
rapid eco growth, track increased by 14,000m under W 1904 - complete, 1897 Russia on gold standard increasing foreign investment, BOP improved from 34mil deficit 1880 - 125mil profit under W
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explain weaknesses of Witte
too dependent on foreign loans - WW1 ill prepared, national income growth at 50% lagged behind Britain 70%, debt increased by 1900 20% of budget used to service foreign debt
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Explain how the railway modernised eco
more extensive exploitation of raw materials linking grain growing areas to back sea ports, stimulated iron/steel industries 60% consumed by rail, fall in transport costs reducing price of goods, raised funds for gov from passenger fares
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Card 2

Front

explain weaknesses of Bunge

Back

factory inspectorates mistrusted and only 267 in whole of Russia, reforms too radical so many dismissed

Card 3

Front

explain successes of Vyshnegradsky 1887 - 92

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explain weaknesses of Vyshnegradsky

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Explain successes of Witte 1892-1903 - turning point

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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