Feminism and crime

?
what was the male prison population in December 2020?
75,500
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What is the female prison population in December 2020?
3,200
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What are the 3 reasons women commit more crime?
1. Socialisation
2. Social control
3. Marginalisation
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How does Parsons argue that socialisation prevents women from committing crime?
childrearing is done by mothers meaning girls have a clear role model who emphasises caring.
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What do Farrington and Painter argue about girls and socialisation?
female offenders are more likely to have had harsh or erratic parenting/ had little support.
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how does social control prevent women from committing crime?
females are more closely supervised at home in childhood. this control continues on through life- they are constrained causing lack of opportunity.
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What did Heidenson find about informal social control?
there are a wide range to discourage women from straying from "proper" behaviour. e.g. gossip of male friends.
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What types of control do women face?
1.control at home e.g. DV
2.daughters to patriarchal control e.g. bedroom culture.
3.control in public e.g. fear of crime
4.control at work e.g. sexual harassment to keep women in their place
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How does marginalisation cause less female crime?
women have a narrower range of roles and this limits their opportunities to commit crime.
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What did Lombroso argue about the biological reasons of women who commit crime?
suggested that women were "evolutionary throwbacks".
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What did Pollack argue about the biology of women?
they are better at hiding crime because they are deceitful.
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What was the method and sample of Carlen's research?
unstructured interview
39 15-46 year old working class women convicted of crimes like burglary, violence, theft.
20 in prison.
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why do working class women commit crime?
if the gender and class deals are broken.
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what is the class deal?
women offered material rewards e.g. good standard of living.
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what is the gender deal?
patriarchal ideology promises material and emotional rewards from conforming to gender roles.
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what did Carlen conclude?
poverty and oppressive family life were the main causes of their crime and that alcohol and drugs added to their desires.
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Outline the liberation thesis
if patriarchy controls women, the lack of patriarchy will cause more female crime.
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What did Freda Alder argue?
as patriarchy declines and women have more opportunities in education and work they begin to adopt traditionally "male roles" in legitimate activity (work). and illegitimate activity (crime".
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Between the 1950s and 1990s how much did the female share of offences rise by?
from one out of seven to one out of six.
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What did Denscombe find?
women now take more risk taking behaviour. research into self images of 15- 16 year olds in Midlands found females were adopting traditionally male attitudes e.g. looking hard.
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What are some criticisms of the liberation thesis?
- female crime rate began to rise before women's liberation started in 1960s.
- most female criminals are WC who don't benefit from liberation.
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How did Laider and Hunt criticise the liberation thesis?
female gang members in USA were expected to conform to conventional gender roles.
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What did Hand and Dodd find about violent female crime?
from 2000 to 2008, females arrested for violence rose by 17%.
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What did Steffensmeier and Schwartz find about the criminalisation of women?
statistics show that women are committing more violent crime but when they did victim surveys, they did not find evidence to back this up.
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What is "net widening"?
in reality, there has been no change in women involvement in crime. police are now arresting women for less serious violent crimes.
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What did Lind find about the criminalisation of women?
policy of mandatory arrests for domestic violence in the USA had led to an increase in stats, when a couple fights both will be arrested even though the woman is more likely to be a victim.
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What is the chivalry thesis?
the criminal justice agents e.g. police are mostly men. they have been socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women.
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What did Pollack argue about the chivalry thesis?
men have a protective attitude towards women and so the CJS is more lenient towards them.
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what did Graham and Bowling argue about the chivalry thesis?
found that although men are more likely to offend, the difference between the gender was smaller than that shown in statistics.
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What did Farrington and Morris find against the chivalry thesis?
study of 408 offences of theft in magistrates court found that women were not sentenced more leniently then men.
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What does Hales argu against the chivalry thesis?
men were significantly more likely to have been offenders in all major categories.
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What does the criminal justice system being bias against women mean?
many feminists claim that the chivalry thesis is biased against women. causes courts to treat females more harshly when women deviate from gender norms.
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What did Sharpe find about this bias?
analysis of 55 youth worker records found that 7/11 girls were referred for support because of being sexually active compared to 0/44 boys.
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What did Stweret argue aboutbias against women?
magistrates perceptions of female defendants characters were based on stereotypical gender roles.
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quote Judge Wild.
"if she doesn't want it she only has to keep her legs shut".
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What is normative masculinity?
a socially approved idea of what a "real male" is. defined as the "difference from and desire for women".
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why does Messerschmidt argue normative masculinity causes crime?
many fail to live up to the standard having "subordinate masculinity" and therefore look to crime to achieve masculine status.
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What does Katz argue about male crime?
men enjoy the thrill of committing crime also that the offender takes a "moral superiority" over the victim as though they made a fool of them.
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What does Lyng argue about edge work?
edge work is acting between security and danger. e.g. joy riding.
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What did Winlow argue?
did a study of bouncers in Sunderland (area of de-industrialisation) and found there had been growth of "night time economy" and more men becoming bouncers.
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Why did the men in Winlow's study want to become bouncers?
they used it as an opportunity for paid work and illegal business ventured. they felt it emphasised their masculinity.
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What percent of homicide victims are male?
70%
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what amount more likely were women to be victims of sexual assault?
10x
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what did Yearnshire find about reporting?
women were assaulted 35x before making a report.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the female prison population in December 2020?

Back

3,200

Card 3

Front

What are the 3 reasons women commit more crime?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does Parsons argue that socialisation prevents women from committing crime?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do Farrington and Painter argue about girls and socialisation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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