A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules.
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Arene
An aromatic hydrocarbon.
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Aromatic
Containing a ring with a delocalised
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Base
A species that is a proton acceptor.
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Biodiesel
Processed fuel made from transesterification of vegetable oil and methanol/ethanol. It can be used in unmodified diesel engines.
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Chemical Shift
A scale that compares the frequency of an NMR absorption with the frequency of the reference peak of TMS at 0 ppm.
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Chiral Carbon
A carbon atom attached to four different groups.
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Chromatogram
A visible record showing the result of separation of the different components in a mixture by chromatography.
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Condensation Polymer
A polymer formed by the joining up of monomers by the means of a condensation reaction.
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Condensation Reaction
A reaction in which two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule (i.e. water).
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Delocalised Electrons
Electrons that are shared between more than two atoms.
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Electrophilic Substitution
A type of substitution reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-dense centre, where it accepts a lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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Esterification
The reaction of an alcohol and carboxylic acid to produce an ester and a water molecule.
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Halogen Carrier
A compound that can catalyse the halogenation of arenes. They produce stronger electrophiles such as Br+.
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Hydrolysis
A reaction with water that breaks a compound into two compounds. Usually carried out under acidic or basic conditions producing slightly different products.
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Isoelectric Point
The pH at which an amino acid exists mainly as a zwitterion.
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Mobile Phase
The phase (liquid or gas) that moves in chromatography.
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Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
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Optical Isomers
Stereoisomers which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
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Peptide
A compound containing amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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Pharmacological Activity
The beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.
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Phenol
An arene that contains a hydroxyl group directly bonded to one of the carbons in the aromatic ring.
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Polymer
A long molecular chain built up from monomer units.
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Protein
A polypeptide with more than 40 monomers.
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Repeat Unit
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs over the structure of a polymer repeatedly.
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Retention Time
The time for a component to pass through a chromatographic column up to the detector. (From inlet to detector).
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Stationary Phase
The phase (solid or liquid adsorbed onto a solid) that does not move in chromatography.
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Trans-esterification
Reaction in which an alcohol reacts with an ester to form another ester, effectively transferring the carboxylic group from one alcohol to another. Used to make biodiesel.
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Trans-fat
An unsaturated triglyceride containing one or more trans double bonds.
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Triglyceride
A triple ester formed by three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.
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Zwitterion
An ionic form of an amino acid that ocntains both positively and negatively charged groups. Both charges being present means there is no overall charge.
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A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules.
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