Damage to inner linings of airways, damage repaired by WB cells, encouraging growth of smooth muscle. This increases deposition of fatty substances (atheromas). Occurs under endothelium, forming a plaque.
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Effect of plaque formation
Makes artery walls rougher, and less flexible, reducing size/blood flow
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Thrombosis
Stickiness of platelets increase clot chance.
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Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease Coronary arteries under high pressure, increasing chance of plaque; narrows lumen.
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3 forms of CHD
Angina (severe pain of chest and left hand side of body) . Heart attack/myocardial infarction (death of part of the heart muscle). Heart Failure (heart cant sustain pumping action)
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Stroke
Stroke Death of brain tissue, caused by loss of blood flow to a part of the brain
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Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of artery walls and loss of elasticity caused by atherosclerosis and deposition of calcium
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Factors that increase CHD
Age. Sex. Smoking. Obesity. Hypertension. High cholestrol blood conc. Physical inactivity. Diet. High salt intake. Diabetes. Stress
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Epidemiology
Study of distributon of disease in populations, and the factors that influence its spread.
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Species
Group of individual organisms very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics, whose members are able to interbreed freely to produce fertile offspring.
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Habitat
Place where an organism lives
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Biodiversity
The variety of life - the range of living organisms that can be found.
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
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Five Kingdoms
Prokaryotes. Protoctists. Fungi. Plants. Animals.
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Features of Prokaryotes
No nucleus. Loop of naked DNA not arranged in linear chromosones. No membrane bound organelles. Smaller ribosomes. Carry out respiration in mesosomes (not mitochondria). Smaller cells than eukaryotes. Free living or parasitic.
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Features of Protoctists
Eukaryotes. Single-celled. Variety of forms. Plant and Animal like features. Free living. Hetro/autotrophic nutrition.
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Features of Fungi
Body consists of mycelium (strands of hyphae). Cytoplasm surrounded by chitin. Multinucleate. Eukaryotes. Free living and saprophytic.
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Features of Plants
Eukaryotes. Multicellular. Autotrophs. Cellulose cell wall. Produce multicellular embryos from fertilised eggs.
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Features of Animals
Multicellular. Heterotrophic. Fertilised eggs develop into blastula. Able to move around.
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Taxonomic Ranks
Domain. Kingdom. Phylum. Class. Order. Family. Genus. Species. Common name.
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Binomial system
Uses two names to identify each species; the genus + the species name
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Dichotomous key
Uses a series of questions with two alternative answers to help identify a specimen
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Variation
Presence of variety - differences between indivuals
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Continous Variation
Variation in which there is a full range of intermediate phenotypes between two extremes.
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Discontinuous Variation
Variation in which there are discrete groups of phenotypes with no or very few individuals in between.
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What causes variation?
Inherited/genetic. Environmental.
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Adaptation
Feature that enhances survival and long-term reproductive success
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Speciation
Formation of a new species
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In situ conservation
Conserving a species in its normal environment. Conservation reserves, Repopulation, Legislation
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Ex situ conservation
Conserving an endagered species by activities that take place outside its natural environment.
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CITES
Convention on International Trade of Endagered Species
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Effect of plaque formation
Back
Makes artery walls rougher, and less flexible, reducing size/blood flow
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