F212 Biology Revision/Flash Cards

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Risk Factor
Factor that increases your chance of getting a particular disease
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Metabolsim
Sum total of all biochemical reactions in the cells of an organism
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Monomor and Polymer of Carbohydrates
M - Monosaccharides P- Polysaccharides
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Monomor and Polymer of Proteins
M - Amino Acids P- Polypeptides and Proteins
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Monomor and Polymer of Nucleic Acids
M - Nucleotides P- DNA/ RNA
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Bonds found in Saccharides
Glycosidic bonds
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Difference between Alpha and Beta Glucose
OH at C1 is below plane of ring in ALPHA , above in BETA
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What do two Alpha-glucose molecules form?
A disaccharide called Maltose
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Starch - Structure
Long, straight chain Amylose molecules and branched Amylopectin.
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Difference between Glycogen and Starch
Glucose has shorter 1,4-glycosidic bonds (more compact) and are more branched
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Features of Starch and Glycogen
Don't dissolve (so won't effect WP of cell). Hold glucose molecules in chains that can be easily 'broken off'
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Difference between Alpha and Beta glucose polymer chains
Alpha - coiled (amylose) Beta- Long, straight (cellulose)
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Strucutre of Cellulose
Cellulose molecules ---> Microfibrils ----> Macrofibrils
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Basic Amino Acid Structure
Amino Group -- R Group --- Acid Group
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Bond found in polypeptides
Peptide Bond (duh)
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Primary Structure
The specific amino acid sequence that makes up a protein
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Uses of Protease enzymes
Ageing (break down collagen - skin loses elasticity) & Hormone Regulation
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Secondary Structure
The coiling or pleating of parts of the polypeptide molecules (Aplha-helix and Beta-pleated sheet)
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Tertiary Structure
Further folding of the polypeptide chain, giving it its 3D structure.
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Bonds found in Tertiary Structure
Ionic, Disulfide bridges, Hydrophobic/philic interactions, Hydrogen
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Globular Proteins (3D feature, Solubility in water, Role and Examples)
Roll up to form balls, Soluble, Metabolic Roles, eg, Enzymes/Plasma Proteins/ Antibodies
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Fibrous Proteins (3D feature, Solubility in water, Role and Examples)
Form fibres, Insolube, Structural Roles, eg, Collagen/ Cartilage / Keratin
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Quaternary Structure
Where a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain
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Heamoglobin Structure
Two alpha-chains and Two beta-chains
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Features of Haemoglobin
A Haem Prosthetic Group that contains Fe2+, oxygen binds to it.
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Unsaturated and Saturated fats Common States
U- Liquid (Plants) S - Solid (Animals)
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What bonds are found in triglycerides?
Ester Bonds
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Structure of Triglycerides
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acid chains
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Structure of phospholipids
Phosphate head + 2 fatty acid tails
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Phospholipids and membrane fluidity
Number of saturated/unsaturated fatty acid tails controls fluidity of membrane, so in colder cliumates = more unsaturated- remains fluid
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Structure of Cholesterol
4 Carbon-based ring structures joined together.
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Role(s) of Triglycerides
Compact, insoluble energy store. Thermal insulation in the form of fat.
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Role(s) of Phospholipids
Cell surface membranes. Phosphate group may have carbohydrate groups attached for cell signalling
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Role(s) of Cholestrol
Strength and Stability to lipid bilayer. Used to form steroid hormones.
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Steroid Hormones
Testosterone, Oestrogen, Vitamin D
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Test for Starch
Iodine Solution (Brown -> Blue/black)
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Test for Reducing Sugar
Benedicts Sol. at 80°C (Blue --> Orange/Red)
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Test for Non. R. sugar
Boil with HCl, neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate sol, Benedicts test.
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Test for Protein
Biuret Reagent (Blue -> Lilac)
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Test for Lipid
Dissolve in ethanol, decant onto water. (white emulsion on top)
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How to quantify R. sugar using a Colorimeter
Prepare a calibration curve of known r.sugar concs. Carry out B. test on each one. Filter Precipitate. Use colorimeter to measure light levels. Plot readings to show % transmission. Done.
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Structure of Nucleotide
1 Phosphate + 1 Sugar + 1 organic nitrogenous base
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Possible Bases
Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine
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Pyrimidines
T, U, C
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Purine
A,G
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Illness caused by excess nucleic acid
Gout
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Metabolsim

Back

Sum total of all biochemical reactions in the cells of an organism

Card 3

Front

Monomor and Polymer of Carbohydrates

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Monomor and Polymer of Proteins

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Monomor and Polymer of Nucleic Acids

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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