F211 Cell Division, Diversity and Organisation

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Mitosis' part in the cell cycle
is only a small percentage; the remaining percentage includes the copying and checking of genetic information
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INTERPHASE comes before mitosis
Cell carries out normal functions but also prepares to divide; Cell's DNA is unravelled and replicated; Organelles are also replicated; ATP content is increased
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Step 1 of Mitosis- Prophase
Chromosomes CONDENSE, getting shorter and fatter; Nuclear envelope breaks down; Each daughter centriole moves to poles of the cell to form SPINDLE (a network of protein fibre)
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Step 2 of Mitosis- Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and become attached to a spindle thread by its CENTROMERE
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Step 3 of Mitosis- Anaphase
Centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids; The spindle contracts pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, centromere first
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Step 4 of Mitosis- Telophase
Chromatids uncoil to become long and thin as they reach the opposite poles on the spindle; They're now CHROMOSOMES and nuclear envelope forms around each group; the CYTOPLASM divides; 2 daughter cells genetically identical to each other and original
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Definition of Homologous Pair of Chromosomes
1 maternal 1 paternal; carry same genes; similar length; centromere in same position; same banding pattern; pair up in meiosis
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Significance of Mitosis for Growth
1. multicellular organisms grow by producing new extra cells, which are genetically identical to the parent cell and can carry out the same functions
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Significance of Mitosis for Repair
Damaged cells need to be replaced by new cells that perform the same functions and are thus genetically identical
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Significance of Mitosis for Asexual Reproduction
Organism such as Paramecium assexually reproduce to give offspring that are genetically identical to the original parent organism
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Yeast reproduce asexually by Budding
a bud forms on cell surface; cell undergoes interphase; cell undergoes mitosis; when nuclear division is complete, the budding cell contains a nucleus with identical copy of parent cell's DNA; Bud separates from parent cell, genetically identical
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Cell Produced as a result of meiosis
Are NOT genetically identical
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Differentiation definition
The changes occurring in cells of a multicellular organism so that each different type of cell becomes specialised to perform a specific function
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Stem Cells definition
Cells with the potential to differentiate into specialised cells
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Production of Erythrocytes and Neutrophils
Adult stem cells in bone marrow divide and differentiate to replace worn out erythrocytes and neutrophils
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Production of Xylem Vessels and Phloem Sieve Tubes
Plants stem cells are in the cambium, In root and stem; vascular cambium divide and differentiate to become xylem and phloem; vascular cambium forms ring in root and shoots, cells dividing, growing out from ring, differentiating as they move away
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Erythrocytes
Lose their nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus and RER; They are full of Haemoglobin; Their shape changes to become biconcave discs
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Neutrophils
Keep their nucleus; cytoplasm appears granular because many lysosomes are produced in order to kill microorganisms
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Sperm cells
Many mitochondria; Undulipodium; Sperm head contains specialised lysosomes to penetrate eggs; aerodynamic; contains half the number of chromosomes
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Guard Cells
Appear in pairs so they can bulge at both ends to open a pore; Contain chloroplasts; Cell wall contains spiral thickening of Cellulose on the inner edges, so only the outer walls stretch when the cell is turgid;
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Tissue, Organ and Organ System Definitions
Collection of cells with the same function e.g.Xylem, Epithelial tissue; Collection of tissues working together for the same function e.g. Leaf,Liver; Number of organs working together for an overall life function e.g. Digestive System
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Squamous Epithelial tissue is made up of
Flattened cells forming a thin,flat,smooth surface; Ideal for lining inside blood vessels and forming thin diffusion pathways; Squamous cells held by basement membrane made of collagen and glycoprotein secreted by epithelial cells
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Ciliated epithelial tissue is made up of
Coloumn shaped cells; Exposed part of cell is covered in cilia which move rhythmically; some produce mucus
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Phloem tissue consists of
Sieve Tubes & Companion Cells; Meristem tissue produces cells that elongate and line up back to back to form a long tube; Sieve plates form from end walls; Companion cells next to sieve tubes are very metabolically active
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Xylem Tissue Consists of
Xylem Vessels with PARENCHYMA cells and fibres; Meristem cells produce small cells that elongate; Lignin strengthens and waterproofs walls, killing contents and forming continuous column with wide lumen;
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

INTERPHASE comes before mitosis

Back

Cell carries out normal functions but also prepares to divide; Cell's DNA is unravelled and replicated; Organelles are also replicated; ATP content is increased

Card 3

Front

Step 1 of Mitosis- Prophase

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Step 2 of Mitosis- Metaphase

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Step 3 of Mitosis- Anaphase

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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