Executive function

?
EF is an integrated cog process that determines
goal-directed and purposeful behaviour
1 of 107
it is superordinate in orderly execution of
daily life function
2 of 107
probably the most
complex of all near constructs
3 of 107
formulate goals and
initiate behaviour
4 of 107
to anticipate
consequences of actions
5 of 107
to plan & organise behaviour according to...
spatial, temporal, topical or logical sequences
6 of 107
to monitor and adapt behaviour to fit
fit a particular task or context (Cicerone et al., 2000)
7 of 107
when impaired, P = no longer capable of
satisfactory self-care, performing useful (remunerative) work independently (Lezak, 2001)
8 of 107
or unable to maintain
normal social relationships
9 of 107
regardless of how
well preserved cog capacities or how high they score on specific tests, knowledge or abilities
10 of 107
who said the previous?
Lezak 1998, Goldberg 2001
11 of 107
The EF playing an important role in tasks that are
fluid in nature
12 of 107
and also those requiring novel situations to
problem solving & place minimal demands on previous learning (Busch et al., 2005)
13 of 107
The following are issues with assessing/ defining EF
...
14 of 107
Levine, Stuss and Milberg (1995) claimed
assessment of EF may be most challenging task faced by neuropsychologists
15 of 107
as concepts among different models
may overlap
16 of 107
researchers may use same terms to
refer to conceptually diff functions, vice versa
17 of 107
lack of agreement among researchers on
issue of whether EF = unitary or non unitary
18 of 107
complexing and compensatory systems are
difficult to extrapolate pure function (Salthouse, Atkinson & Berish, 2003)
19 of 107
the 4 basic lobe's
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
20 of 107
the frontal lobes:
functional division
21 of 107
The motor cortices?
primary motor cortex (M1), secondary motor cortex and frontal eye fields
22 of 107
the secondary motor cortex prepares and
sequences actions
23 of 107
the frontal eye fields sort out
eye movements
24 of 107
the prefrontal executive cortex lateral surfaces (sides);
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior prefrontal cortex & ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
25 of 107
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex location?
46, 9
26 of 107
anterior prefrontal cortex location?
10
27 of 107
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex location?
44, 45, 47
28 of 107
the prefrontal 'executive' cortex -
medial surfaces (between hemispheres)
29 of 107
anterior cingulate cortex location?
24, 32
30 of 107
ventral anterior cingulate location?
24
31 of 107
anterior prefrontal cortex?
10
32 of 107
orbitofrontal cortex?
11 and above the eyes
33 of 107
Models of EF?
Keil & Kaszniak, Luria, Stuss and Bensons, Lezak's
34 of 107
Keil and Kaszniak -2002; process for making behavioural response
including evaluating situation, creating goal, generating plan to reach goal, translating plan into action, self-monitoring and self-regulating process towards goal
35 of 107
subcomponents of responding aptly - how many?
6
36 of 107
1?
focusing and sustaining attention
37 of 107
2?
retrieval of information from LTM
38 of 107
3?
manipulating info in WM
39 of 107
4?
temporal sequencing of info
40 of 107
5?
selecting & inhibiting responses to distracting stimuli
41 of 107
6?
suppressing routine behaviour that are not appropriate to the goal
42 of 107
the area generally reliably linked to control of planning and related processes is
dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex
43 of 107
EF theories: Luria (1966) - how many parts?
4
44 of 107
1?
anticipation
45 of 107
2?
planning
46 of 107
3?
execution
47 of 107
4?
self-monitoring
48 of 107
EF is defined as
ability to maintain and appropriate problem-solving set related to attaining future goal
49 of 107
inhibit response or inhibit to a later more
appropriate time e.g. strategic plan
50 of 107
included?
mental representation
51 of 107
Stuss and Benson 1986 - EF theories
initiation, planning, sequencing, organisation, regulation
52 of 107
four operational levels - S&B
arousal-attention, perceptual motor, executive mediation and self-awareness
53 of 107
each has operational level feeding
information up to the higher levels with an analysis
54 of 107
also, down to lower levels to
modulate and consider bias, levels of constrain
55 of 107
perceptual motor only has
direct contact with environment
56 of 107
two highest levels within
function of frontal lobes directly
57 of 107
EF theories; Lezak
1995
58 of 107
what was included? violation (including self-awareness and self-monitoring), planning,
purposive action, and effective performance
59 of 107
Stuss 1987 suggests ability to shift from
one concept to another
60 of 107
basically the ability to modify behaviour in light of new info and
manage multiple sources of info
61 of 107
the models are a
two way process - info enters, and departs
62 of 107
Brain injury and impaired EF can lead to
defective capacity for self-control, and self-direction can be affected
63 of 107
these are things such as:
flattening effect, emotional lability, heightener irritability
64 of 107
or...
excitability increased impulsivity, erratic carelessness, and rigidity and difficulty in making shifts in attention and ongoing behaviour
65 of 107
Phineas Gage - 1848
survived head injury - metal rod pierced through skull destroying large section of his brain
66 of 107
after recovery?
became short tempered, lacked emotional responsiveness, was fitful, impatient of advice, obstinate etc
67 of 107
few minutes after blast?
regained consciousness
68 of 107
Gage suffered
a traumatic brain injury
69 of 107
2 categories of brain injury
1. blunt (such as explosion) or penetrating (such as gunshot wound)
70 of 107
Phase I is a direct consequence of
traumatic event (torn tissues or skull fracture)
71 of 107
diffuse axonal injury is
stretching of the brain tissue
72 of 107
Phase II is a direct consequence of TBI can last
days-weeks - cell death, inflammation, low oxygen levels and/or toxic by products
73 of 107
who was used to study impairment?
a retired financial manager
74 of 107
what happened to them?
cardiac arrest complicated by fall onto right temple
75 of 107
they could no longer
formulate plans well, inability to take all aspects of situation and integrate
76 of 107
lack of awareness of
mistakes aggravated disability
77 of 107
some deficits can be hidden, e.g. an impaired capacity to
initiate activity
78 of 107
other hidden deficits may be
decreased or absent motivation (anergia)
79 of 107
defects also in planning/
carrying out activity sequences that make up goal orientated/ directed behaviour (Lezak 2012)
80 of 107
Koponen et al 2001 found
p and emotional changes can also take place following brain injury
81 of 107
related to deficits are: emotional dulling, disinhibition,
emotional blandness vs. mild euphoria, heightened anxiety and hypersensitivity to interpersonal interactions
82 of 107
Dysexecutive syndrome - behaviours associated with frontal lobe lesions include:
1. psychological inertia, 2. utilisation behaviour, 3. preseveration
83 of 107
1. psychological inertia may not
initiate actions e.g. washing/ speaking
84 of 107
2. utilisation behaviour is impulsive, stimulus-
driven behaviour; lack of regard for context
85 of 107
3. perseveration - is repeating
the same action again and again
86 of 107
DS is an inability to multi-task/
task-switch, poor planning & DM
87 of 107
Prefrontal EF - Stuss et al., 2002 - high levels of
cognitive functions primarily mediated by frontal lobes
88 of 107
Prefrontal EF - control processes coordinate
other cog functions in order to optimise behaviour
89 of 107
Prefrontal EF -
generating, initiating and updating plans
90 of 107
basis for adapting behaviour to
deal effectively with novel situations
91 of 107
it's the idea of over-riding automatic
processes and inhibiting inappropriate actions
92 of 107
what are the EF?
unity vs modularity
93 of 107
theory of unity?
one single ability underlies all aspects of EF
94 of 107
modularity; EF can be
broken down into set of distinct, individual components
95 of 107
such as -
planning, purposive action, effective performance, goal setting, attentional control
96 of 107
The tasked based approach identifies EF by
developing tasks that are sensitive and specific to frontal lobe damage
97 of 107
The following are summaries
...
98 of 107
EF determines
goal-directed and purposeful behaviour
99 of 107
when impaired no longer capable
of satisfactory self-care, performing useful (remunerative) work independently (Lezak, 2001)
100 of 107
frontal lobes: functional division;
the motor cortices: primary motor cortex (M1), secondary motor cortex = prep and sequencing of actions, frontal eye fields = eye movement
101 of 107
the prefrontal 'executive' cortex lateral surfaces (sides)
DORSOlateral prefrontal cortex (46, 9), ANTERIOR prefrontal cortex (10), VENTROlateral prefrontal cortex (44, 45, 47)
102 of 107
the prefrontal 'executive' cortex - medial surfaces (between hemispheres);
ANTERIOR cingulate cortex (24, 32), orbital prefrontal cortex (11)
103 of 107
how many points for subcomponents or respond
6
104 of 107
Luria EF theories; 4 -
anticipation, planning, execution, self-monitoring
105 of 107
other theorists;
Stuss and Bensonm Lezak, Stuss
106 of 107
EF -
unity vs modularity
107 of 107

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

it is superordinate in orderly execution of

Back

daily life function

Card 3

Front

probably the most

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

formulate goals and

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

to anticipate

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Neuropsychology resources »