Exchange Part 2- Transport in Animals

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What do all living cells need?
Oxygen + nutrients to grow and survive
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Why do all living cells need to remove? Why?
Waste products like CO2; Because they can build up and become toxic
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What factors affect the need for a transport system?
Size, surface area to volume ratio + level of metabolic activity
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Why don't small organisms need transport systems?
Because their cells are in close contact with the environment (short diffusion pathway)
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How are substances supplied in small organisms?
By diffusion
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Why do large organisms need a transport system?
They have a complex anatomy w/innermost cells far from the environment (surface cells would use up all the supplies)- so a long and slow diffusion pathway
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Why do organisms that are very active + keep themselves warm need a transport system?
Because they have an increased demand for oxygen + nutrients for aerobic respiration to release the energy from food for metabolic activity and movement
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What are the features of a good transport system?
A pump, a fluid/medium, exchange surfaces, tubes/vessels and 2 circuits
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Why do they need a pump?
To create pressure that pushes the fluid around the body (e.g. the heart)
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Why do they need a fluid/medium such as blood?
To transport oxygen, nutrients and wastes around the body
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Why do they need exchange surfaces?
To allow substances to enter and leave the blood as required
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Why do they need tubes/vessels?
To carry the blood by mass flow
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Why is 2 circuits needed for an efficient transport system?
1 to pick up oxygen, the other to deliver oxygen
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What is transport?
The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones + wastes around the body
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What is a single circulatory system?
Blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body
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What is a double circulatory system?
Blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body
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What's an example of an organism with a single circulatory system?
Fish (gills-body-heart-)
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What's an example of an organism with a double circulatory system?
Mammals (lungs-heart-tissue-heart-)
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What are the 2 circulations in mammals?
Pulmonary and systematic
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What is pulmonary circulation?
The circuit that carries blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
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What is the systematic circulation?
The circuit that carries oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissues
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What should an efficient circulatory system do?
Quickly deliver oxygen and nutrients to parts of the body that need it
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How can blood be made to flow quicker?
By increasing the blood pressure created by the heart
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Advantages of a double circulatory system in mammals?
When blood flows through the lungs, it's at a lower pressure so delicate capillaries aren't damaged. But when blood passes through the heart the pressure is increased so the high pressured blood flows around the bod quickly
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Which circulation carries blood at a higher pressure in mammals?
The systematic cirulation
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Why is a double circulatory system of benefit to mammals?
They have an increased demand for oxygen + nutrients as they are very active and keep themselves warm.
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Why is a single circulatory system efficient for fish?
They are less metabolically active, and don't keep themselves warm. So they need less energy. A single system delivers enough oxygen + nutrients for their needs.
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What is an open circulatory system?
A circulatory system where blood isn't held in vessels but circulates through the body cavity
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What does an open circulatory system permit?
Tissues and cells to be directly bathed in blood
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What is a closed circulatory system?
A circulatory system where blood is held in vessels
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Some animals use what to circulate blood?
Movements
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What happnes when movement stops in these animals?
Blood stops moving, transport of oxygen and nutrients stops
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What do animals such as insects have to circulate blood?
A muscular pumping organ like a heart
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Where does this organ lie?
Under the dorsal (upper) surface of the body?
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What are the pores called? What's their function
Astia; where blood enters the heart (pumping organ)
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What is peristalsis?
Action of the heart pumping the blood through the vessel towards the head. The blood pours out and flows through the body cavity.
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Does the circulation of blood in insects occur at rest?
Yes, but body movements may also affect the circulation
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How does blood circulate in larger, more active organisms like locusts?
It leaves open-ended tubes attached to the heart which direct blood flow to active parts of the body
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Examples of active parts of the body?
Leg and wing muscles
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What are the 2 disadvantages of an open circulatory system?
Low blood pressure, so blood flow is slow + circulation of blood may be affected by body movements/lack of body movements
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Where is blood held in larger animals?
In vessels
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What separate fluid bathes the tissues and cells?
Tissue fluid
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3 advantages of a closed circulatory system?
Higher blood pressure, so blood flow is faster; more rapid delivery of O2 + nutrients, and removal of wastes and transport isn't dependent on body movements
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What lines the inner layer of all blood vessels?
Endothelium
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What is the structure/function of the endothelium inner layer?
Smooth- to reduce friction with the flow of blood
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What are arteries?
Thick walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressures
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What are arterioles?
Small blood vessels that distributes blood between arteries and capillaries
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What are capillaries?
Thin walled blood vessels that allow the exchange between the blood and tissue fluid
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What are venules?
Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries, and lead to veins
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What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart at low pressure
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What is blood?
Fluid held in blood vessels that's used to transport materials around the body
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What does blood consist of?
A fluid called plasma
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What does dissolved substances does plasma contain?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, glucose, amino acids, hormones, plasma proteins
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What cells does plasma contain?
Erythroyctes (red blood cells), leucocytes (white blood cells) and fragments called platelets
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What is tissue fluid?
A fluid surrounding cells and tissues, supplying them with the oxygen and nutrients they require
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How does tissue fluid differ from blood?
It doesn't contain most of the cells or plasma proteins
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How is tissue fluid formed?
By plasma leaking from the capillaries, carrying dissolved substances
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What is this type of movement?
Mass flow
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What happens to the waste products produced from the cells/tissues?
Wastes form metabollic processes are carried back to the capilalry as some of the tissue fluid returns to the capillary
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why do all living cells need to remove? Why?

Back

Waste products like CO2; Because they can build up and become toxic

Card 3

Front

What factors affect the need for a transport system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why don't small organisms need transport systems?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How are substances supplied in small organisms?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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