Secrete mucus that traps microorganisms and dust particles - stops them from reaching the alveoli
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What is the function of Cilia?
beat the mucus which moves it upward away from alveoli towards throat - prevents lung infections
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What is the function of elastic fibres?
help the process of breathing out (fibres recoil)
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What is the function of smooth muscle?
controls resistance of airflow by controlling the size of the diameter of the trachea, bronchi & bronchioles
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What is the function of Rings of cartilage?
provide support to the trachea & bronchi - stops them from collapsing when breathing in
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What happens during inspiration?
external intercostal muscles & diaphragm muscles contract - ribcage moves up - diaphragm flattens - increases volume of thorax - lung pressure decreases - causes air flow into lungs - requires energy
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What happens during expiration?
external intercostal muscles & diaphragm muscles relax - ribcage moves down - diaphragm becomes curved - thorax volume decreases - air pressure increases - air forced out of lungs - passive process
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What is tidal volume?
the volume of air in each breath
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What is vital capacity?
the maximum volume of air that can breathed in or out
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What is breathing rate?
how many breaths are taken (usually in one minute)
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What is oxygen consumption
the rate at which an organism uses up oxygen
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What is a spirometer?
a machine that can give readings of tidal volume - vital capacity -breathing rate & oxygen uptake
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How are gills adapted for gas exchange?
short diffusion path - thing layer of cells, good blood supply, large surface area - gill filaments & plates
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What is the counter current system in gills?
Blood flows in the opposite direction to water so that it maintains a steep concentration gradient
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How are fish gills ventilated?
fish opens mouth - lowers floor of buccal cavity - volume of buccal cavity increases - decreases pressure inside cavity - water is sucked in - when fish closes mouth opposite happens
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How are alveoli adapted for their function?
Back
Good blood supply, ventilation, short diffusion path & large surface area
Card 3
Front
What do the Intercostal muscles do?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the different structures in the gaseous exchange system?
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