Exchange and Transport

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What 3 main factors affect the need for a transport system?
Size (single-celled organisms do not require exchange systems, most multi-cellular organisms do), Surface Area to Volume ratio (the small ratio = greater need) and level of activity (more activity = greater need).
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What are the features of an efficient exchange surface?
Large surface area (more space for the molecules to pass through), Thin Barrier (reduces diffusion distance), Steep Concentration Gradient well maintained (i.e. good blood supply or ventilation)
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Which airways are supported by cartilage?
Trachea (C-shaped rings for flexibility), Bronchi and some larger bronchioles. Prevents collapse during inspiration.
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What does ciliated epithelium and goblet cells do to keep the airways healthy?
Goblet cells in the epithelium create and release mucus to trap pathogens, dust, etc. The mucus is then wofted up and out of the airways by the cilia.
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______ ______ can contract, constricting an airway and making the lumen narrower and constricting airflow.
Smooth Muscle
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The contraction of smooth muscle is __________ and may be the result of an allergic reaction, asthma attack, harmful substance in the air, etc.
Involuntary
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For the airway to return to normal after the smooth muscle has constricted, the _______ ______, which have been deformed, must recoil to their original shape.
Elastic Fibres
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_______ ______ in the alveoli stretch during inspiration and then recoil to help push air out in expiration.
Elastic Fibres
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Inspiration or Expiration? The Diaphragm contracts and flattens.
Inspiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? The external intercostal muscles relax, the ribs fall.
Expiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? The pressure inside the chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure.
Inspiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? The external intercostal muscles contract and raise the ribs.
Inspiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? The volume of the chest cavity is decreased.
Expiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? The diaphragm relaxes and is pushed up
Expiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? Pressure in the lungs increases and rises above atmospheric pressure.
Expiration.
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Inspiration or Expiration? The volume in the chest cavity is increased.
Inspiration.
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The ________ ___________ _______ can contract to help push air out more forcefully in expiration - usually only happens in exercise, coughing, etc.
Internal Intercostal Muscles.
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What is vital capacity?
The maximum volume of air that can be moved by the lungs in one breath.
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What is residual volume?
the volume of air that remains in the lungs even after forced expiration.
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What is tidal volume?
The amount of air moved in and out with each breath.
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Describe ventilation in a bony fish.
The floor of the mouth (buccal cavity) moves down, increasing volume and drawing water in. The mouth then closes, the floor moves up and water is pushed through the gills. The operculum is also pushed out, decreasing pressure in the operculur cavity
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What is a tracheal system?
The system which supplies the respiring tissues in insects directly with air.
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What are spiracles?
Pores in the segments of insects which allow air into the tracheae.
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Spiracle - tracheae - __________ - tracheal fluid
tracheoles
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When tissues are ______, the tracheal fluid can be withdrawn into the body fluid to increase the area of the tracheole exposed to air.
active
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What are the features of an effective transport system?
A medium/ fluid (e.g. blood) to carry nutrients, oxygen, waste, etc. around the body; a pump to create pressure and push said fluid (e.g. the heart); an exchange surface where substances can enter/leave the blood
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What is the difference between a single and a double circulatory system?
Single - one circuit in which oxygen is both taken up and delivered, blood only flows through heart once per circuit of the body. Double - two circuits, one for taking up blood and one for delivering, blood flows through heart twice.
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What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
In a closed circulatory system, the blood is contained in vessels, in an open circulatory system it is not and the body fluid circulates the body cavity, bathing the cells directly.
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The walls of the artery are _____ to withstand the high pressures of the heart.
Thick.
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The lumen of the artery is narrow to ________ high pressures.
Maintain
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Describe the layers of the walls of arteries.
Inner Layer (tunica intima) - thin layer of elastic, can stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure; Middle layer (tunica media) thick layer of smooth muscle; Outer layer (tunica adventitia) thick collagen and elastic tissue for strength/ recoil.
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Describe the capillaries
Thin lumen (so blood cells squeeze against wall, reducing diffusion distance), thin walls - single layer of flattened endothelial cells, reduces diffusion distance; walls leaky to allow blood plasma/dissolved substances to leave blood.
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Describe the veins.
Not as thick as arteries as there is no pressure to withstand or maintain, contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the features of an efficient exchange surface?

Back

Large surface area (more space for the molecules to pass through), Thin Barrier (reduces diffusion distance), Steep Concentration Gradient well maintained (i.e. good blood supply or ventilation)

Card 3

Front

Which airways are supported by cartilage?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does ciliated epithelium and goblet cells do to keep the airways healthy?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

______ ______ can contract, constricting an airway and making the lumen narrower and constricting airflow.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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