Exchange & mass transport

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What is cardiac output and how is it calculated?
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute. heart rate x stroke volume.
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What are the 5 main adaptations of xerophytes?
1) Thick, waxy cuticle 2) Rolled leaves 3) Hairy leaves 4) Stomata in pits or grooves 5) Reduced surface area to volume ratio.
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What are the 3 main adaptations of insects for reducing water loss?
1) Small SA:V ratio 2) Waterproof coverings (rigid outer skeleton of chitin covered with waterproof cuticle) 3) Spiracles close to reduce water loss (when at rest).
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What are the 3 main adaptations of a leaf for gas exchange?
1) Many stomata - short diffusion pathway. 2) Air spaces throughout mesophyll so gases can readily come in contact. 3) Large SA of mesophyll cells.
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Fick's law
Rate of diffusion is proportional to (SA x conc. gradient)/length of diffusion pathway
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What do lipases form when they hydrolyse triglycerides?
Fatty acids and monoglycerides
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What type of enzyme is maltase?
Membrane - bound disaccharidase
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What membrane is maltase bound to?
Cell - surface membranes of epithelial cells lining the ileum.
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What are micelles and when are they formed?
Tiny droplets of triglycerides associated with bile salts, which are formed before hydrolysis of triglycerides by lipase. Then, monoglycerides and fatty acids remain in micelles as they stay associated with bile salts.
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What happens to the micelles?
Upon contact with the epithelial cells, they break down and release monoglycerides & fatty acids.
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How do the monoglycerides and fatty acids enter the epithelial cells lining the ileum of the small intestine?
Passive diffusion (they are non - polar).
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Where are monoglycerides and fatty acids transported once inside the epithelial cells lining the ileum?
To the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where they are recombined to form triglycerides.
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Where do the triglycerides move to from the SER?
The golgi apparatus
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What happens to the triglycerides, starting in the SER and continuing in the golgi apparatus?
They associate with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons.
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What is the name for the process by which chylomicrons move out of epithelial cells?
Exocytosis
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What is the name of the lymphatic capillaries that chylomicrons enter once inside the lumen of the villi?
Lacteals
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What happens to the triglycerides in the chylomicrons once they reach the blood system?
They are hydrolysed by an enzyme in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries. The fatty acids and glycerol then diffuse into cells.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 5 main adaptations of xerophytes?

Back

1) Thick, waxy cuticle 2) Rolled leaves 3) Hairy leaves 4) Stomata in pits or grooves 5) Reduced surface area to volume ratio.

Card 3

Front

What are the 3 main adaptations of insects for reducing water loss?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the 3 main adaptations of a leaf for gas exchange?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Fick's law

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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