Ethnicity and Crime

?
Official statistics
Ethnic minorities are over-reported in the system
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What percentage of the population is Black?
Just 3%
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What percentage of the prison population is Black?
3%
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But, what percentage of the prison population is Black?
13.1%
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How much of the population are Asian?
6.5%
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But, what percentage of the Prison population is Asian?
7%
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Provide the 2 views these statistics can be interpreted
That ethnic minorities are more likely to commit an offense, or simply they are more likely to be suspected of committing an offense
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Who claims that racist victimization tends to be ongoing rather than individual?
Sampson and Phillips (1992)
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Victim surveys
....
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What are victim Surveys?
Anonymous questionnaires filled in by victims of crimes
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What did the CSEW find about people from BAME backgrounds?
they are disproportionally likely to be victims
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What did CSEW find out about mugging?
Black people are significantly more likely to be identified as muggers
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What happens to racially motivated crimes?
they go undereported
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How many racially motivated incidents does CSEW estimate there were in 2014/15?
89,000
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What percentage of higher risk did people from mixed backgrounds have of becoming victims according to CSEW? Black, Asians, Whites?
27.9%, 18%, 15.8%, 15.7%
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However, what other factors may contribute to this rather than being ethnicity?
young, male, unemployed are all strongly linked to victimization
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What do victims' surveys show that a great deal of crime is (criticism for young)?
Intra-ethnic
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Criticisms for victim surveys
possible 4 or 6 marker
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What do Victim surveys rely on meaning they may not be reliable?
a victims memory
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What may White victims "over-identify"?
say the offender was black even when they are not sure
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Why do victim surveys not tell us about ethnicity and corporate crimes?
they exclude crimes by businesses
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Thus, overall why are they not representative?
because they only tell us about the ethnicity of a small proportion of offenders and the limited type of crimes those from ethnic backgrounds commit
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Self-report studies
....
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What are self-report studies?
anonymous questionnaires about the amount of crime and deviance you have committed - they ask individuals to disclose their own dishonest and violent behavior
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What did Graham and Bowling (1995) find in a sample of 2,500 people?
That blacks had almost identical rates of offending, whilst Asians had much lower rates
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Alternatively, who found that whites and those of mixed origins (40%) were most likely to say they have committed an offense followed by Blacks (28%)?
Sharp and Budd (2005)
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Thus, what do self-report studies challenge?
the stereotype that black people as more likely than whites to offend
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However, provide 2 criticisms of self-report
studies
There is a low response rate and people may lie during the completion
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ETHNICITY, RACISM AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
......
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What is there at each stage of the criminal justice process? (very obvious, legit this topic Isabelle )
ethnic differences
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What do labeling theorists suggest these ethnic differences in the criminal justice process can be explained by?
explained through institutional racism, thus, official stats are socially constructed
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provide an example of a case that is institutionally racist
Stephen Lawrence
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Thus, what do labeling worries actually believe that official statistics actually represent rather than the ethnic differences in crime?
the levels of discrimination in the criminal justice system
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What are the stages of the Criminal justice system that labeling theories believe ethnic minorities are victims of racism in?
stop and search, arrests, prosecutions and trail, convictions, ore-sentence, and prison
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Stop and search
....
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Compared to whites, Blacks are .... x more likely to be stopped and searched and Asians are ... x more likely
7 , 3
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What Act has made this worse and why
?
The Terrorism Act (2000)- because the police have the power to stop anyone, whether or not they have reasonable suspotion
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Who is more likely to be stopped and searched as under the Terrorism Act according to offical stats?
Asians
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What are ethnic minorities also more likely to be victims of during stop and search?
the taster - (ethnic minorities are more likely to be victims of the taser)
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During 2010-2014, how many times were more likely to be tasered?
38,000
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reasons why ethnic groups are more likely to be stopped and searched
Likely 4 or 6 markers (come up twice)
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What are the 3 reasons?
police racism, ethnic differences in offending, Demographic factors
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Who found that many officers hold negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals, leading to deliberate targeting for stop and search?
PHILIPS AND BOWLING (2007)
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What does Holdaway (1983) argue?
that a canteen culture (clan) exists within the police force that is characterized by racist Language and jokes
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What do patterns suggest explaining that the police are acting on relevant information about a specific offense?
that some ethnic groups are more likely to offend
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In what population groups are ethnic groups over-represented in that are more likely to be stopped and searched?
young , unemployed and urban dwellers
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2. Arrests and cautions
....
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The arrest rate for Blacks is ...x more likely than the arrest rate for whites?(2014/15)
3
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Once arrested, what are Balck and Asians less leily to recieve compared to whites?
a caution
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Why is ethnic minorities' mistrust of the police a factor on the reason for differences in the offense?
because not admitting a caution means they cannit be left off with a caution and are more likely to be charged
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3. Prosecution and trial
.....
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What do studies suggest the Crown prosecution service is more likely to drop?
cases against ethnic minorities
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Why is this?
Bowling and Philips (2010) - evidence presented is based on police stereotyping
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4. convictions and sentencing
....
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Who is less likely to be found guilty?
Black and Asian defendants
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What does this suggest?
the evidence a case had was weak
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But, if found guilty, Black offenders have imprsionment rates ..... percenatge points higher than white offenders and Asian offenders .....percentage points higher than white offenders
3 , 5
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What did Hood(1992) find?
black men were 5% more likely to recieve a custodial sentence
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What did Hood find about how much longer Asian and Black prison sentences were than white men?
Black - 3 months, Asian- 5 months
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What is one reason for harsher sentences?
pre-sentence reports
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What is a pre-sentence report?
an impartial report that moved the judge an idea of your background and the most suitable punishment for the report one has committed
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However, what does Hudson and Bramhall (2005) argue presentencing reports allow for?
Unwilling discrimination
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For example, what did Hudson and Bramhall (2005) find about pre-sentencing reports a=said on Asian defendants?
they were less sympathetic than whites as they are this bais is a result of the demonization of Muslims since 9/11
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5. Prision
,,
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In 2014, over a ..... of the prison population were from ethnic minority backgrounds
quater
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What ethnic minority group is 4 times more likely to be in prison than whites?
black
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Give a stat on serving longer sentences
Black and Asian offenders are more likely than whites to be serving longer sentences
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Why do ethnic minorities have the highest average proportion of prisoners on remand (awaiting trail rather than being convicted)?
because they are less likely to be grated bail while waitin for trial
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Explaining differences in offending
......
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After WWII why did Britain encourage immigration to commonwealth countries?
to help rebuild the country as there was a shortage of labour
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What carried 492 migrants that promised employment and prosperity?
MV Empire Windrush
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Where were many temporary housed?
Brixton
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What do the immigrants now form?
a central part of British society
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When did the MV empire Windrish make its final voyage?
1954
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Up until the 1970's what was the general agreement?
that minority groups had a lower rate of offending
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What led to the higher rates of arrests for street crime making black criminality be perceived as a problem?
there was increased conflict and tension between the black community and the police
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What led to Asians being perceived as a problem in the 1990's?
The media growing concerns about the growth of 'Asian' gangs, the clashes between the police in Northern England and 9/11
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Righ Realist explanation on the differences in offending
....
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What do RR argue young people, whether black or white, commit crime?
a lack of social crimes such as effective attachment
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Who claims that many black families are headed by a loan mother and their children are deprived of adequate care?
Monyinah (1965)
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Why does Monyinah believe this?
because she struggles financially in absence of a male breadwinner
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What does Murray argue about LPF?
that has high rate of LPF and a lack or positive male role models in the home can lead to crime and deviance for some ethnic minorities
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Why does Sewell believe that black boys are more likely to commit crimes and join criminal subcultures?
Because they lack a male role model and tough love in the home - so seak a male role model so look up to powerful ones in their community such as gange leaders or drug leaders
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What other types of role models does Arnot (2004) say they look up to ?
Media role models like the 'ultra tough Getto superstar' in MTV videos
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However, why is this view too deterministic?
because not all boys are socialised into a LPF and will turn to crime as a means to compensate not having a male role model
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What type of crime can this view not explain?
Why do some ethnic groups are lived in corporate crime as it only focuses in street crime and low-level deviance
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Left realism explanation for differences in offending
.......
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Who thinks that black people are not simply victims of racist police but are actually more likely to be involved in street crime than whites?
Lea and Young (1993)
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What 3 things do lea and young believes crime is a product of?
relative deprivation subculture and marginalisation
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Why do they believe ethnic minorities are more likely to face unemployment poverty and poor housing?
Because of racism leads to marginalisation and economic exclusion
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At the same time, how do the media promote relative deprivation leading to ethnic minorities to seek illegitimate means?
By placing an emphasis on consumerism and setting materialistic goals
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Thus, what do Young black unemployed males do according to left realists?
for to delinquently subcultures and resort to relative deprevative
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Why do Blacks turn to no utilitarian crimes according to Left realists?
TO let out their frustration of their marginalisation
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Provide an example,
the London riots
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Nevertheless, what do Lea and young recognize?
that the police do act in racist ways that often lead to unjust crimination
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However, why do lea and young not believe that institutional racism cannot just explain differences in offending?
because nearly all crimes (90%) are reported by the public rather than the police discovering them themselves
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What else can police racism not explain?
the higher convictions of Blacks to Asians because the policy would have to be selectively racist to make this difference
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However, how can u criticism this view to the side?
because arrests of Asians may be lower than blacks, not because they are less likely to offend but because they police stereotype these groups differently eg blacks as dangerous and Asians as passive
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Thus, what do Lea and Young ignore since 9/11?
That police attitude towards Asian groups has changed
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Neo Marxists -Black Crime
.....
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What is the title of Hall's et al (1978
The Crisis of hegemony and the creation of the 'black mugger
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What 2 types of crisis were there in the '70s according to Hall that threatened the domain of the R/C ideology?
Economic and poltical
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What was there between the African-Caribbean community and the police?
unrest
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What did the media create a moral panic about?
mugging(just a new word for a street crime )
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What does Hall note about this street crime?
There was no significant increase in muggings
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Who did the media print stories about in relation to these muggings?
Black youths
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Who fully embraced these ideas that meant the 'black mugger' was born?
Police and politicians
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What did the Black Mugger become to embody?
all the problems in society at that time - it became a scapegoat
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What did Hall argue it distracted society from?
The real problems in society like inflation, huge national debt, rising unemployment, and their true cause
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What did Hall argue this caused?
a fragmented W/C between the blacks and whites
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What did this suppress?
opposition to capitalism
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However, Why do left realists believe that a moral panic was justified?
Because Hall ignores the effects of Crime on victims
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Who argues that Hall contracts himself by claiming black street crime was rising but then that it was rising due to unemployment?
Downes and Rock (2011)
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Who conducted the theory of the Myth of Black Criminality?
Gilroy (1982)
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What did he claim the motivation behind crime committed by black people was?
Political action
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What were they showing resistance to through crime (racism)?
inequality and oppressors in the form of police racism
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Does he believe there was greater criminality among Black People?
no
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Where does he believe this myth of greater criminality among black people came from?
The myth created by negative stereotyping from police and the media
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What does he argue African-Caribbean males are labeled as?
potential muggers
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What does he argue Asians are labeled as?
Illegal immigrants
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What does he argue about crime stats?
They over-represent black and Asian people because they are targeted more
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Provide an example of the myth of Black Criminality
London riots (2011)
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What were these 'riots'?
political uprisings against white domination
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However, what is most crime suggesting t is not a reaction against racism?
inter-ethnic
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or an expression of .....
Anti-colonial struggle
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What does Young argue about Gilory?
He over romanticizes street crime as a revolutionary act
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What percentage of the population is Black?

Back

Just 3%

Card 3

Front

What percentage of the prison population is Black?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

But, what percentage of the prison population is Black?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How much of the population are Asian?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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