Ethnic Inequality and Difference
These are theories and evidences from the booklet my teacher made for my class, they may not be the same as yours:)
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- Created by: lilyhanleyyy
- Created on: 20-10-21 10:15
How does unemployment rate compare by ethnicity?
Gov Uk 2019
-4% of white ppl were unemployed, compared to 7% of ppl from all other ethnic groups.
-Black, Bangladeshi and Pakistani ppl had the highest unemployment rate out of all ethnic groups - 8%
-4% of white ppl were unemployed, compared to 7% of ppl from all other ethnic groups.
-Black, Bangladeshi and Pakistani ppl had the highest unemployment rate out of all ethnic groups - 8%
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How do zero hour contracts compare by ethnicity?
TUC 2019
-BAME workers more than 2x as likely to be on zero hour contract.
-1 in 24 BAME on zhc
-1 in 42 white ppl on zhc
-BAME workers more than 2x as likely to be on zero hour contract.
-1 in 24 BAME on zhc
-1 in 42 white ppl on zhc
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How do management positions compare by ethnicity?
Race at Work Report 2015
-1 in every 16 management positions held by an ethnic minority.
-1 in every 16 management positions held by an ethnic minority.
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What effect does having a Muslim sounding name have on job interview chances?
BBC Test 2017
-found that job seekers with White sounding names are 3x more likely to get a job interview
-found that job seekers with White sounding names are 3x more likely to get a job interview
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What minority ethnic groups have higher earnings than white counterparts?
Gov UK 2018
-Chinese ethnic group have highest average pay, earning £15.75/hour
-Average pay for White person is £12.03/hour
-Chinese ethnic group have highest average pay, earning £15.75/hour
-Average pay for White person is £12.03/hour
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What are the rankings of pupils getting a grade 5 or above in English and Math's by ethnicity?
Summer 2020
1. Chinese - 79%
2. Indian - 70%
3. Bangladeshi - 57%
4. Black African - 50%
5. White British - 49%
6. Pakistani - 47%
7. Black Caribbean - 34%
1. Chinese - 79%
2. Indian - 70%
3. Bangladeshi - 57%
4. Black African - 50%
5. White British - 49%
6. Pakistani - 47%
7. Black Caribbean - 34%
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What are permanent exclusion rates for Black Caribbean students compared to other ethnic groups?
Dept of Education Stats
-3x more likely to be permanently excluded
-3x more likely to be permanently excluded
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Which underperforming ethnic group is the most significant statistically?
-White working class boys are the largest ethnic group of underachievers.
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How are ethnic minorities portrayed in the media?
Van Dijk
-As criminals
-As unimportant
-As threats
-As dependent
-As unimportant
-As criminals
-As unimportant
-As threats
-As dependent
-As unimportant
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What did Poole argue about moral panics?
-Found that ethnic minorities were being presented as a threat to majority white culture
-Moral panics were being created about 'swarms' of immigrants.
-Moral panics were being created about 'swarms' of immigrants.
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What is the Functionalist view?
-argue that ethnic inequality was temporary
-Ethnic minorities would become part of the meritocracy when they assimilated into the norms + values of the 'host community' and achieve inequality.
-Ethnic minorities would become part of the meritocracy when they assimilated into the norms + values of the 'host community' and achieve inequality.
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What is Patterson's Host Immigrant Model?
1. Accommodation- involves minimal adaptation & acceptance of mainstream culture.
2.Intergration - occurs when hosts and immigrants socialize outside of work.
3. Assimilation - signifies the complete assimilation of immigrants into mainstream society, and
2.Intergration - occurs when hosts and immigrants socialize outside of work.
3. Assimilation - signifies the complete assimilation of immigrants into mainstream society, and
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What were Patterson's 3 cause of inequality?
1.Host culture's fear of the cultural difference of the immigrant 'strangers' & the social change they would bring.
2. Host culture's resentment of having to compete with immigrants for jobs + housing etc.
3. Failure of immigrants to assimilate.
2. Host culture's resentment of having to compete with immigrants for jobs + housing etc.
3. Failure of immigrants to assimilate.
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What was Patterson's long term view?
-optimistic
-thought immigrants would eventually shed their norms & values and move forwards towards full cultural assimilation.
-thought immigrants would eventually shed their norms & values and move forwards towards full cultural assimilation.
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What is evaluation of Patterson's view?
-Naïve to assume that all ethnic minorities will assimilate.
Marxists would criticize P for ignoring the role capitalism plays in society & the division of ppl by race
Marxists would criticize P for ignoring the role capitalism plays in society & the division of ppl by race
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What is the New-Right view?
-Blame ethnic minorities for their inequality -> their particular focus is on Black Caribbean countries.
-Argue their own cultural behaviours cause ethnic inequality
-Argue their own cultural behaviours cause ethnic inequality
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What is Charles Murrays view?
-argued that Black ppl in the UK were part of a (dysfunctional) underclass which was brought about by a too generous welfare system that discouraged work.
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What is evaluation of his view?
1. ignored the social and economic divisions that led to the creation of an underclass (e.g. racism)
2. blamed them for the problems they found themselves with - their behaviour got them there.
3. ignorant.
2. blamed them for the problems they found themselves with - their behaviour got them there.
3. ignorant.
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What is Saunders view?
-argues there is a cultural cause of ethnic inequality (particularly Black Caribbeans) & its their fault.
-Agreed with Murray, argued some ethnic minority groups have chosen a culture of poverty and welfare dependency - places them in an underclass.
- arg
-Agreed with Murray, argued some ethnic minority groups have chosen a culture of poverty and welfare dependency - places them in an underclass.
- arg
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What is Tony Sewell's view?
-agrees that the culture of Black Caribbeans contributes to the social inequality they face.
- states that 50% of BC children are raised in mother-led, single parent families, hence they lack the role model & discipline of a father figure.
+also agrees th
- states that 50% of BC children are raised in mother-led, single parent families, hence they lack the role model & discipline of a father figure.
+also agrees th
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What are criticisms of Sewell's view?
1. blames black fathers for 'deserting' their families.
2. blames Black Caribbeans for the inequality they experience.
3. diverts attention from cause of black under achievement: racial prejudice, racist society, institutional racism, and economic depriva
2. blames Black Caribbeans for the inequality they experience.
3. diverts attention from cause of black under achievement: racial prejudice, racist society, institutional racism, and economic depriva
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What is the Marxist view of ethnic inequality?
-argue that capitalists encourage ethnic inequality bc they can use ethnic minorities as cheap labour -> it makes it easier to exploit the working class as a whole if the White & ethnic minority wc are divided amongst themselves.
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What is Cox's view?
-argues that racism has origins in the development of capitalism, with its need to exploit labour.
-goes hand in hand with colonialism. Euro nations were able to exploit the workforce in colonies & justified their actions through racism.
-goes hand in hand with colonialism. Euro nations were able to exploit the workforce in colonies & justified their actions through racism.
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what are criticism of Cox's view?
-too difficult to prove that racism is a capitalist ideology. No evidence that it functions exclusively as an ideological apparatus.
-too simple to say that's where racism began. (Solomas)
-'race blind' - does not treat race as an important factor indepen
-too simple to say that's where racism began. (Solomas)
-'race blind' - does not treat race as an important factor indepen
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What is Castles and Kosacks view - Reserve Army of Labour?
-RAoL- segment of labour force, usually associated with low skill jobs which can be called into work and dismissed when the time arises (eg economy recession). When not working there likely to be unemployed.
-Immigrants & ethnic minorities likely to be hi
-Immigrants & ethnic minorities likely to be hi
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What is Castles and Kosacks view - Divide-and-rule?
-working class divided into 2 groups, with the white population becoming the top layer and ethnic minorities becoming the bottom.
-D+R tactic is beneficial to ruling class as it suppressed the overall wage levels of the working classes and diverts the whi
-D+R tactic is beneficial to ruling class as it suppressed the overall wage levels of the working classes and diverts the whi
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What is Castles and Kosacks view - Scapegoating?
-because fo D+R tactic, immigrants and ethnic minorities could be scapegoated - blamed for problems such as unemployment, housing shortages, societys problems etc.
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What are criticisms of Castles and Kosacks view?
-not all ethnic minorities are disadvantages -> recent stats show that there are over 5000 Muslim millionaires in Britain (Gov UK 2018)
-De-industrialisation changed the nature of economic immigrants -> in recent years immigration laws have become tighter
-De-industrialisation changed the nature of economic immigrants -> in recent years immigration laws have become tighter
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What is the Weberian view of ethnic inequality?
-multi-dimensional approach, focus on how ethnic minorities have low status in society and they are victims of prejudice and discrimination.
-they don't just blame capitalism or failure to assimilate.
-they don't just blame capitalism or failure to assimilate.
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What is Webers argument about the relationship between status and ethnic minorities?
-argues modern societies are characterised by status inequality - status & power lie in white pals hands.
-power in majority ethnic groups hands, making it difficult for minority ethnic groups to compete equally for jobs, housing etc.
-status could divide
-power in majority ethnic groups hands, making it difficult for minority ethnic groups to compete equally for jobs, housing etc.
-status could divide
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How does party negatively affect ethnic minorities?
-party=a group that forms in order to gain power & in doing so reflects + promotes their own interests.
-organisations (e.g. trade unions) are dominated by white members which often leads to ethnic minority voices not being heard.
-organisations (e.g. trade unions) are dominated by white members which often leads to ethnic minority voices not being heard.
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How does Baron and Norris' dual labour market theory demonstrate racial prejudice + discrimination?
-reported that white men dominate the primary labour market and ethnic minorities were concentrated in the secondary labour market.
-ethnic minorities tend to be concentrated in the elm due to employers holding racist beliefs. & they may practice discrimi
-ethnic minorities tend to be concentrated in the elm due to employers holding racist beliefs. & they may practice discrimi
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What are criticisms of Barron and Norris' theory?
1. Ignores there are some ethnic minorities in crucial primary labour market positions.
2.fails to recognise that the situation for ethnic minority women is worse than for ethnic minority men -> they experience the concrete ceiling as well as being concen
2.fails to recognise that the situation for ethnic minority women is worse than for ethnic minority men -> they experience the concrete ceiling as well as being concen
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What did Rex and Tomlinson find in Birmingham?
-the material disadvantage experienced by ethnic minorities in the area was so great that it cut them off from the WWC.
-found that ethnic minorities formed a separate underclass beneath the WWC, where they experienced disadvantage with regard to housing,
-found that ethnic minorities formed a separate underclass beneath the WWC, where they experienced disadvantage with regard to housing,
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What are criticisms of Rex and Tomlinson's research?
1. New Right commentators would blame the culture of some ethnic minorities for the poverty they experience.
2. may be criticised for over-emphasising ethnic minority groups as passive victims of racism -> the position of ethnic minority groups is changin
2. may be criticised for over-emphasising ethnic minority groups as passive victims of racism -> the position of ethnic minority groups is changin
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What is Miles' theory?
-the Vicious Circle theory
-sees racism & hostility as a vicious circle between the two groups.
-sees racism & hostility as a vicious circle between the two groups.
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According to Miles, how does white society treat ethnic minorities (and what has it led to)?
-ethnic minorities treated as culturally and socially different
-led to some ethnic minorities falling victim to racism in some domains of society.
-led to some ethnic minorities falling victim to racism in some domains of society.
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How do some ethnic minorities set themselves apart from the white society?
-by stressing and celebrating their own cultural uniqueness -> e.g. young African Caribbeans may stress their Black power through membership to Rastafarian groups.
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What are 'radicalised class fractions'?
-When the WWC stress the importance of their ethnicity and nationality through prejudice & discrimination
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How does status inequality affect ethnic minority middle class professionals?
-racism means that White middle class professionals/ managers may not accept the facts that middle class ethnic minorities have the same status as them.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How do zero hour contracts compare by ethnicity?
Back
TUC 2019
-BAME workers more than 2x as likely to be on zero hour contract.
-1 in 24 BAME on zhc
-1 in 42 white ppl on zhc
-BAME workers more than 2x as likely to be on zero hour contract.
-1 in 24 BAME on zhc
-1 in 42 white ppl on zhc
Card 3
Front
How do management positions compare by ethnicity?
Back
Card 4
Front
What effect does having a Muslim sounding name have on job interview chances?
Back
Card 5
Front
What minority ethnic groups have higher earnings than white counterparts?
Back
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