Ethnic Differences in Achievement

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What are the 3 external factors used to explain ethnic differences in achievement?
Cultural deprivation, material deprivation and racism in wider society
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How does linguistic skills explain why cultural deprivation may occur?
Many children from low income, black families lack intellectual stimulation which leaves them poorly prepared to develop reasoning and problem solving skills
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How does attitudes and values explain why cultural deprivation may occur?
Some black children are socialised into a subculture that promotes a fatalistic 'live for today' attitude that does not value education
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How does parental support explain why cultural deprivation may occur?
Many black families are headed by a lone mother who cannot provide adequate care because of financial difficulties. Boys lack a positive role model of male achievement.
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How does Sewell criticise the cultural deprivation theory?
He argues that it is a lack of tough love rather than the lack of a male role model that explains black boys underachievement
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Why do Asian children do well in education?
They have supportive families that value an 'Asian Work Ethic' and place high importance on education. Adult authority in families is similar to the structure in school and parents are supportive of school behavioural policies
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What are the three solutions to cultural deprivation?
Compensatory education e.g. Sure Start, Multicultural education (recognising and valuing minority cultures), anti-racist education
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Give two criticisms of Cultural Deprivation Theory
Keddie argues black pupils underachieve because schools are ethnocentric. The theory ignores the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement.
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What statistics show ethnic minorities are more likely to face material deprivation?
Almost half of all ethnic minorities live in low income families. Ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed. Ethnic minorities are three times more likely to be homeless
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Give three reasons why ethnic minorities may be at greater risk of material deprivation
They live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment and low wages. Cultural factors prevent women from working outside of the home. There is racial discrimination in the labour and housing market
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What does Wood's research on discrimination in the jobs market show?
Wood sent 3 closely matched job applications to 1000 vacancies using names associated with different ethnic groups. 1 in 16 minorities were offered an interview compared to 1 in 9 white applicants.
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What are the internal factors that explain ethnic differences in achievement?
Labelling and teacher racism, pupil identities, pupil responses and subcultures
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What labels are given to black and Asian pupils?
Black pupils are seen as disruptive and threatening and Asian pupils are viewed as passive
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Why are black pupils more likely to be placed in lower streams?
Teachers focus on students who they believe are most likely to achieve a grade C at GCSE. Negative stereotypes about black pupils' ability that some teachers hold mans they are more likely to be placed in lower streams
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How do ethnocentric views impact on the way teachers relate to Asian pupils?
Teachers assumed Asian pupils would have a poor grasp on English and left them out of class discussions or used simplistic language
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What pupil identities are minority groups given?
Black pupils are demonised as loud, challenging and excessively sexual. Asian girls were stereotypes as quiet and passive. Chinese pupils were seen as having achieved success in the wrong way through hardworking, passive conformism
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What are Sewell's four responses to negative labelling?
The retreatists: Isolated individuals, disconnected from school. The conformists: Accepts school's goals. The innovators: Pro education but anti-school. The rebels: Rejected school completely
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Give two criticisms of the internal factors
Labelling ignores the wider nature of racism within the education system. Labelling theory is too deterministic
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What is critical race theory?
The theory distinguishes between individual racism and institutional racism and both of these explain ethnic differences in achievement
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How do critical race theorists see the education as institutional racist?
Marketisation and segregation: Schools selected white pupils so minorities were more likely to end up in unpopular schools. The ethnocentric curriculum: This builds a racial bias. Assessment: Tests ensure white pupil success
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Give two criticisms of the critical race theory
The over achievement of 'model minorities' disproves the theory. Evans concludes we must also consider gender and class to understand ethnic achievement
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How does linguistic skills explain why cultural deprivation may occur?

Back

Many children from low income, black families lack intellectual stimulation which leaves them poorly prepared to develop reasoning and problem solving skills

Card 3

Front

How does attitudes and values explain why cultural deprivation may occur?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does parental support explain why cultural deprivation may occur?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How does Sewell criticise the cultural deprivation theory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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