Doctrine of original sin, concupiscence, massa peccati, liberium arbitrium, the elect, the reprobates. "seminally present in the loins of Adam"
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CALVIN
TULIP
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JOHN LOCKE
PHILOSOPHICAL HARD DETERMINISIM: man in bedroom illustration, "free will is just an illusion"
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DARWIN & WEISMANN
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM: DNA, GENES
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DANIEL DENNETT
"GENETIC FIXITY" E.G DR. TUCK NGUN- 47 pairs of identical twins predicted sexual orientation with 70% accuracy
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PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
pavlov's dogs, classical conditioning, John Watson, Little Albert, Skinner, operant conditioning, "Man has no will, intention, self determinism or personal responsibility"
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THOMAS HOBBES
internal and external causes, soft determinism= internal cause without external
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AYER
caused and forced acts, logical positivism, empirical studies of language
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IMPLICATIONS OF HARD DETERMINISM
question of blaming moral agents for immoral acts, eg: Clarence Darrow successfully defended Leopold and Loeb, "punishment as punishment is not admissible unless the offender has the free will to select this course". Eg: Stephen Mobley; Warrior gene
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HARD DETERMINISM: NORMATIVE ETHICS
Refers to DCT and Utilitarianism, both no longer relevant as moral agent cannot choose how to act.
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SOFT DETERMINISM
Hobbes and Ayer: similar to previous - no value in blaming therefore normative ethics are of no use. However, Peter Vardy favoured a soft d theory in which intellect can overcome internal causes
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IMPLICATIONS OF PREDESTINATION : OMNIPOTENCE + OMNIBENEVOLENCE
Omnipotence: Pelagius' free will theory diminishes God's power, whereas predestination maintains, eg: Calvin and unconditional election. Omnibenevolence: Russell: God must be a "monster" if no FW.
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HARD DETERMINISM: USE OF PRAYER
If life is predestined then purpose of prayer is questioned, little point in asking a deity for anything; Calvin. Eg: if God has already determined one's life through biological determinism.
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HARD DETERMINISM: MIRACLES + PROBLEM OF EVIL
Miracles ("an event that appears to break the laws of nature and so is held as an act of God" Hume), determinism = miracles planned by omnipotent and omniscient God. Or, Aquinas' miracles. Evil: God can be held accountable for m+n evil - Arminius
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PELAGIUS
Argued the Fall allowed growth into God's image, sin not inherited. Free will allowed to follow God's laws, grace accessed through salvation.
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ARMINIUS
Denial of predestination, The Fall caused a fallen state, yet God allowed free will through Holy Spirit, salvation chosen not determined.
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PHILOSOPHICAL FREE WILL: SARTRE
"man is free, man is freedom" - free will can bring anguish, pour-soi and en-soi, the gap between consciousness and physical world, bad faith, waiter eg.
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SCIENTIFIC LIBERTARIANISM
Dr Angela Sirigu - cognitive neuroscience, free will cited in parietal cortex. Found "specific brain regions that are involved in the consciousness of your movement"
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PSYCHOLOGICAL FREE WILL: CARL ROGERS
Self-actualisation, 3 elements (genuineness, acceptance, empathy) necessary for free will to develop and become fully-functioning person. "the paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am then I can change for the better"
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FREE WILL + IMPLICATIONS FOR GOD'S QUALITIES
Omnipotence: undermined by free will as Augustine argued, and "there is no God, so man must rely upon his own fallible will and moral insight" (Sartre). Omnibenevolence: maintained through free will.
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FREE WILL: PRAYER + MIRACLES
Purpose of prayer remains and allows divine aid (Arminius). Miracles: acceptance of free will has fundamental effect on behalf of miracles - cannot occur if God does not predestine.
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FREE WILL: LINK BETWEEN GOD + EVIL
Free will suggests God not reponsible for evil, the aim of Arminius' theory to prove "God might not be considered the author of all sins".
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